( ), . , . , , . . - , .
I (Participle I) II (Participle II).
(VOICE) | PARTICIPLE I | PARTICIPLE I PERFECT | PARTICIPLE II |
ACTIVE | asking | having asked | asked |
PASSIVE | being asked | having been asked |
I (PARTICIPLE I) |
I -ing : working , .
ING | ||||
/ | ||||
-e | to take - taking | |||
- | to see - seeing to be - being | |||
-ie y | to lie - lying | |||
-y -ing | to copy - copying | |||
, , -ing | to sit - sitting to commit - committing | |||
, | to differ - differing to limit - limiting | |||
I | ||||
/ | ||||
( ) ( ). . I | growing trees Look at the trees growing in our garden. - , . | |||
. I , -() | Reading an English book he wrote out many new words. , . | |||
I to be Continuous. | They will be working at that time tomorrow. . | |||
II (PARTICIPLE II) |
II ( ) () , .. -ed : to solve - solved - solved (-, -).
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II () 3- : to speak - spoke - spoken, to make - made - made, to go - went - gone.
II | ||
/ | ||
II ( ), (). , , . II -, -, -, -, - | the solved problem, the problem solved the houses built the opened book the method used | |
-, -, -, -, - | Well-known all over the world the Russian book on electronics was also translated into English. , . | |
. when , while , | When given the book read the article about environment protection. , . | |
II to have Perfect | He had translated the text before I came. , . |
I (PARTICIPLE I PERFECT) |
I I to have - having II : having translated , having done . not : not having translated , not having done .
I , , ; , . . .
Participle I Perfect :
1. Having lost the key, the boy couldn′t get into the house. , .
2. Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East. , .
I after on:
After leaving (= having left) school, John Reed went to Harvard University. (= ) .
(THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION) |
( I, II). ; , :
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I see him losing his temper. , .
/ | ||
She could feel her hands trembling. , . | ||
, | I consider myself engaged to him. . | |
, ; II | I want it done quick. , . | |
to have to get ( ); II | I had my piano tuned. . |
(THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION) |
( I). ( ) . , : - , - . :
The horse was seen going down the hill. , .
(THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION) |
( ). I, II:
The door of the room being open, we came in. , .
.
, , , , , . ( , ).
/ | ||
This duty completed, he had a leave. , . | ||
It being now pretty late, we went home. , . | ||
Weather permitting, we′ll start tomorrow. , . | ||
Any moving object is able to do the work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity. , . |
(THE GERUND)
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Active | Passive | |
Indefinite Gerund | giving | being given |
Perfect Gerund | having given | having been given |
, , .
, , , , .
, , .
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Reading is useful.
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The boy likes playing chess.
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I object to your translating this book.
, .
On seeing her mother the girl ran to meet her.
, .
He translated this article without consulting the dictionary.
, .