| много | much | time, water,love |
| много | many | books, women, friends |
| много | a lot of | time, books, love |
| мало (плохо) | little | time, water, love |
| мало (хорошо) | a little | time, water, love |
| мало (плохо) | few | books, women, friends |
| мало (хорошо) | a few | books, women, friends |
Вопросительные местоимения
| Who – кто? | Who invented the radio? Who did you invite? |
| Whose – чей? | Whose book did you take? |
| What – что, чей? | What did you ask? What book did you take? |
| Why – почему? | Why did you come? |
| Which – который, какой, что? | Which student works hard? Which of you speaks French? |
| When – когда? | When did you come? |
| How many/how much? | How many books have you bought? How much have you read? |
| Where – где, куда | Where is he? Where did he go? |
| How often – как часто? | How often do you come here? |
| How - как | How did you get there? |
Спряжение глагола to be
Present Simple
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I am | Am I? | I am not |
| He, she, it is | Is he, she, it? | He, she, it is not/ isn’t |
| We, you, they are | Are we, you, they? | We, you, they are not/ aren’t |
Past Simple
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I, he, she, it was | Was I, he, she, it? | I, he, she, it was not/wasn’t |
| We, you, they were | Were you, they, we? | We, you, they were not/ weren’t |
Future Simple
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I, we shall be | Shall I, we be? | I, we shall not/shan’t be |
| You, we, they will be | Will you, we, they be? | You, we, they will not/ won’t be |
Глагол to have
Present Simple
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма |
| I, you, we, they have/ have got | I, you, we, they don’t have/haven’t got | Do I, we, you, they have? Have I, you, we, they got/ |
| He, she, it has/ has got | He, she, it doesn’t have/ hasn’t got | Does he, she, it have? Has she, he, it got? |
Past Simple
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I, you, he, she, it, we, they had | Did I, you, he, she, it, we, they have? | I, you, he, she, it, we, they didn’t have |
Future Simple
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I, we shall have | Shall I, we have? | I, we shall not/ shan’t have |
| You, she, he, they will have | Will you he, she, they have? | You, she, he, they will not/ won’t have |
Повелительное наклонение
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| Close the door, please! – Закройте дверь, пожалуйста! Open the window, please! – Откройте окно, пожалуйста! | Don’t close the door, please! – Не закрывайте дверь, пожалуйста! Don’t open the window, please!- Не открывайте окно, пожалуйста! |
Оборот There is/are
| Время | Утвердит. форма | Вопросит. форма | Отрицательн. форма |
| Настоящее/Present | There is a lamp on the table There are some books on the table | Is there a lamp on the table? Are there any books on the table? | There is no/there isn’t any lamp on the table There are no/ there aren’t any books on the table |
| Прошедшее/ Past | There was much bread in the fridge There were many books on the table | Was there much bread in the fridge? Were there many books on the table? | There was no/wasn’t any bread in the fridge There were no/weren’t any books on the table |
| Будущее/ Future | There will be much snow tomorrow There will be many new houses next year | Will there be much snow tomorrow? Will there be many new houses next year? | There will be no/won’t be any snow tomorrow There will be no/won’t be any new houses next year |
Simple Tenses
Present Simple Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I work | Do I work? | I don’t wok |
| He, she, it works | Does he, she, it work? | He, she, it doesn’t work |
| We work | Do we work? | We don’t work |
| They work | Do they work? | They don’t work |
Сводка случаев употребления Present Simple(Indefinite)
| 1. Действие обычное, постоянное, свойственное подлежащему | I get up at 8 o’clock | Я встаю в 8 часов |
| 2. Действие, происходящее в момент речи, с глаголами не употребляющимися в Present Continuous. (to be, to know, to understand, to think, to want, to like, to see, to hear, to have…) | I don’t understand it I see a ship in the distance | Я этого не понимаю Я вижу судно вдали |
| 3. Будущее действие в придаточных предложениях условия и времени, которые вводятся союзами if, when, as soon as, before, after, till, until | If he comes, I shall ask him about it. I shall go to bed when I finish my work. | Если он придет, я спрошу его об этом. Я лягу спать, когда закончу свою работу. |
| 4. Общеизвестные истины | The sun rises in the east and sets in the west | Солнце встает на востоке и садится на западе |
| 5. Для выражения действия в будущем (как и настоящее время в русском языке), когда речь идет о заранее намеченном действии (транспорт, концерт, курсы и т.п.) | The train leaves at 10 o’clock When does the film start? | Поезд отходит в 10 часов Когда начинается фильм? |
Past Simple Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I worked/saw | Did I work/see? | I didn’t work/see |
| He, she, it worked/saw | Did she, he it work/see? | He, she it didn’t work/see |
| We worked/saw | Did we work/see? | He, she, it didn’t work/see |
| You worked/saw | Did you work/see? | You didn’t work/see |
| They worked/saw | Did they work/see? | They didn’t work/see |
Сводка случаев употребления Past Simple
| 1. Действие, совершившееся в истекшем отрезке времени | I met him yesterday/ last week | Я встретил его вчера/ на прошлой неделе |
| 2. Последовательные действия в прошлом | He left the hotel, took a taxi and drove to the station | Он вышел из гостиницы, взял такси и поехал на вокзал |
| 3. Обычное, повторявшееся действие в прошлом | Last year I went to the theatre every week | В прошлом году я ходил в театр каждую неделю |
| 4.Действия явно происходило в прошлом | Mozart wrote more than 6000 pieces of music | Моцарт написал более 600 произведений |
| 5.После оборота It’s (a long time…) since… | It’s two years since I last saw Joe | Прошло два года с тех пор, когда я видел Джо последний раз |
Future Simple Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I shall work | Shall I work? | I shall not/shan’t work |
| He, she, it will work | Will she, he, it work? | He, she, it will not/ won’t work |
| We shall work | Shall we work? | We shall not/shan’t work |
| You will work | Will you work? | You will not/won’t work |
| They will work | Will they work? | They will not/won’t work |
Сводка случаев употребления Future Simple
| 1. Спонтанное решение в момент речи | Oh, I have left the door open – I’ll go and shut it | Я оставила дверь открытой – Я пойду и закрою её |
| 2. Говорящий высказывает свое мнение | I think/am sure/expect he will come home late | Я думаю/уверен/ожидаю, что он придет домой поздно |
| 3. Говорящий ожидает распоряжений | Shall I read? Shall we come at 9? | Мне читать? Нам приходить в 9? |
| 4. Вежливая просьба | Will you close the door, please? | Закройте дверь, пожалуйста |
CONTINUOUS TENSES
Выражает действие, протекающее (длящееся) в момент речи или в период настоящего времени, в какой-либо момент (период) прошедшего времени или будущего времени.
Утвердительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующей форме и Participle I смыслового глагола.
I am writing a letter now.
Я пишу письмо сейчас.
He was working in the garden at that moment.
В тот момент он работал в саду.
I shall be reading at seven o’clock tomorrow.
Завтра в семь часов я буду читать.
Present Continuous Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I am reading | Am I reading? | I am not reading |
| He is reading | Is he reading? | He is not reading |
| She is reading | Is she reading? | She is not reading |
| We are reading | Are we reading? | We are not reading |
| You are reading | Are you reading? | You are not reading |
| They are reading | Are they reading? | They are not reading |
Past Continuous Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I was reading | Was I reading? | I was not reading |
| He was reading | Was he reading? | He was not reading |
| She was reading | Was she reading? | She was not reading |
| We were reading | Were we reading? | We were not reading |
| You were reading | Were you reading? | You were not reading |
| They were reading | Were they reading? | They were not reading |
Future Continuous Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Вопросительная форма |
| I shall be reading | Shall I be reading? | I shall not be reading |
| He will be reading | Will he be reading? | He will not be reading |
| She will be reading | Will she be reading? | She will not be reading |
| We shall be reading | Shall we be reading? | We shall not be reading |
| You will be reading | Will you be reading? | You will not be reading |
| They will be reading | Will they be reading? | They will not be reading |
PERFECT TENSES
Основное ее значение – это выражение связи прошедшего действия с настоящим временем или предшествования действия какому-либо моменту или периоду прошедшего или будущего времени.
Утвердительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have в настоящем или прошедшем времени и Participle II смыслового глагола.
He has broken the cup.
Он разбил чашку.
I had received a telegram before he came.
Я получил телеграмму до того, как он пришел.
You will have translated the article by seven o’clock.
Ты переведешь эту статью к семи часам.
Это временная форма обычно выражает наличие какого-либо результата действия, который может наблюдаться в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.
I have already bought a new pen.
Я уже купил новую ручку. (К настоящему моменту она у меня есть)
Present Perfect Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I have seen | Have I seen? | I have not seen |
| He has seen | Has he seen? | He has not seen |
| She has seen | Has she seen? | She has not seen |
| We have seen | Have we seen? | We have not seen |
| You have seen | Have you seen? | You have not seen |
| They have seen | Have they seen? | They have not seen |
Past Perfect Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I had written | Had I written? | I had not written |
| He had written | Had he written? | He had not written |
| She had written | Had she written? | She had not written |
| We had written | Had we written? | We had not written |
| You had written | Had you written? | You had not written |
| They had written | Had they written? | They had not written |
Future Perfect Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I shall have read | Shall I have read? | I shall not have read |
| He will have read | Will he have read? | He will not have read |
| She will have read | Will she have read? | She will not have read |
| We shall have read | Shall we have read? | We shall not have read |
| You will have read | Will you have read? | You will not have read |
| They will have read | Will they have read? | They will not have read |
