.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





䳿
̳   . .   1 8   ​​ - ;
  - , . , Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus species, S. aureus (MSSA), (-) , B fragilis. , (E. faecalis). 2 12
. 䳺 -, . (-) (+) .   500 24 , ,
/ , - -. ' (PBPs). , -. S. aureus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia species, B. Fragilis 3 6 ( 2 / 1) .
' . , B. fragilis, (-) (+) . , (-) , B. fragilis 1 24 .
䳿 . , MRSA. S. epidermidis . , B. fragilis, - (-) , . , (-) . 600 8   . , , , C. difficile
쳿, . , , , . (-) (+) . , 1-2 4 ' .
쳳, . , , , . (-) (+) .   1-2 , ; 4 / .
(+) , Enterococcus species. 쳿 . , , , ﳿ . , / . 500 -2 6 - 8 . .
-, . 400 / , Q-T.
˳ . in vitro , . ˳ : ' 70S ( ).   600 / 12 ϳ - , 5 .  

 

ֲ IJ
ﳿ.
, , , - ( 48 ). , , ﳿ, .
ij .
, . , ﳿ . ﳿ.
²Ͳ ֲ˲ ί ϲ
糿 (, - ) , ﳿ.
ϳ 糿.
6 糺 :
- г 109-163 ... (8-12 ...)
- г 65 ...
- 0,5 × /
- ( ), -70 %
6 ﳿ 糿 70 % 109-163 ... (8-12 ...), ≥ 30 % / 20 × - 1 × -1.
/ , . .

̲ в
, - .
糿 쳿 ( ) 500-1000 , 300-500 30 . ( , , ' ).

ﳿ 糿 , . ​​ 糿, .
( ) 糿, .
ﳿ .
, , , .

, , ' . 糿, .
㳿 .

.
, ( ), . , / .
ﳿ 48-72 , . , , . ﳿ 7-10 .
- 䳿 , .
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( ).
/ . 䳿 .
, , .
IN VITRO
, .
, .

( 200-300 / - , , 7 ) , , , . , , . ﳿ. ( ), 300 , . . , , . '. ' / - . 1-2 ' , 6 / . < 30 cm H2O. ֳ FiO2. ( PaCO2 , .. ) / - , . . , FIO2 . - , FIO2 , , , , , . , 45 . 70 / 糿 , , , - . 糿 - 7-9 /. ﳿ 쳿, , , , , . , , , . . < 5000/3 (5 × 109), . , 5000-30000 / 3 (5 - 30 × 109), . ≥ 50000/3 (50 × 109) . , -

, , .

, ﳿ, , < 150 / (8,3 / ).
, .

- , . .

糿 - ≥ 7,15. , - , .

/ , . (, , , ) , . ( ) .

/ .

 

˲Բ

1. Foley M.R. et al., Obstetric intensive care manul.3-rd ed.New York:McGraw-Hill Comp.:2011

2. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynacologists. Bacterial Sepsis in Pregnancy: Green-top guideline N64a; 2012

3. .. ., //. .- 2012.-6.- 58-62)

4. World Health Organization. Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Programme Division of Family Health.MotherBaby Package: Implementing Safe Motherhood in Countries. WHO/FHE/MSM/94.11. Geneva: WHO,1994.

5. 31.12.2004 .

6. .. . .: , 1973. - 126 .

7. Maupin RT: Obstetric infectious disease emergencies. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 45: 393404

8. Mabie WC, Barton JR, Sibai B: Septic shock in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 553561

9. Simpson KR: Sepsis during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1995; 24: 550556

10. Ledger WJ, Norman M, Gee C, et al: Bacteremia on an obstetric-gynecologic service. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 121:205212

11. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001; 29:1303- 1310

12. Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:138-150.

13. Knaus WA, Sun X, Nystrom PO, et al: Evaluation of definitions for sepsis. Chest 1992; 101:16561662

14. Girard TD, Opal SM, Ely EW: Insights into severe sepsis in older patients: From epidemiology to evidence-based management. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:719727

15. Wheeler AP, Bernard GR: Treating patients with severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 207214

16. Bone RC: The pathogenesis of sepsis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:457469

17. Parrillo JE: Pathogenetic mechanisms of septic shock. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 14711477

18. Bone RC: Immunologic dissonance: A continuing evolution in our understanding of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:680687

19. Larosa SP: Sepsis: Menu of new approaches replaces one therapy for all. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69:6573

20. ACOG technical bulletin: Septic shock. Number 204April 1995 (replaces no. 75, March 1984). Committee on Technical Bulletins of the American College of Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 50: 7179

21. Oberholzer A, Oberholzer C, Moldawer LL: Sepsis syndromes: Understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity. Shock 2001; 16:8396

22. Bone RC. Sir Isaac Newton, sepsis, SIRS, and CARS. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1125-1128.

23. Bridges EJ, Womble S, Wallace M, et al: Hemodynamic monitoring in high-risk obstetrics patients: II. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. Crit Care Nurse 2003; 23:5257

24. van Oppen AC, Stigter RH, Bruinse HW: Cardiac output in normal pregnancy: A critical review. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 310318

25. Boussat S, Jacques T, Levy B, et al: Intravascular volume monitoring and extravascular lung water in septic patients with pulmonary edema. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28:712718

26. Martin GS, Bernard GR: Airway and lung in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27(Suppl 1):S63S79

27. Ware LB, Matthay MA: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:13341349

28. Clark SL, Cotton DB, Lee W, et al: Central hemodynamic assessment of normal term pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161(6 Pt 1):14391442

29. Catanzarite VA, Willms D: Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1997; 52:381392

30. Smith JL, Thomas F, Orme JF, et al: Adult respiratory distress syndrome during pregnancy and immediately postpartum. West J Med 1990; 153:508510

31. Pereira A, Krieger BP: Pulmonary complications of pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25:299 310

32. Karetzky M, Ramirez M: Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy: An analysis of 19 cases. Medicine 1998; 77:4149

33. Schrier RW, Wang W: Mechanisms of disease: Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:159169

34. Dizon-Townson D: Pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 45:363368

35. Faught W, Garner P, Jones G, et al: Changes in protein C and protein S levels in normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 147150

36. Pastor CM, Billiar TR, Losser MR, et al: Liver injury during sepsis. J Crit Care 1995; 10:183197

37. Lindeque, BG. Abnormalities of the puerperium. In: Cronje HS, Grobler CJF, eds. Obstetrics in Southern Africa. 2nd ed. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers, 2003:380390.

38. Abouzahr C, Aaahman E, Guidotti R. Puerperal sepsis and other puerperal infections. In: Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. Health Dimensions of Sex and Reproduction: The Global Burden of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Maternal Conditions, Perinatal Disorders, and Congenital Anomalies. Geneva: WHO, 1998.

39. Chisembele MC, Say L. The Global Incidence of Puerperal Sepsis Protocol for a Systematic Review. WHO/GFMER/ IAMANEH. Postgraduate Training Course in Reproductive Health. Geneva: WHO, 2004.

40. Dare FO, Bako AU, Ezechi OC. Puerperal sepsis: a preventable postpartum complication. Trop Doct 1998;28:9295.

41. Berkow R, ed. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 16th ed. Rathway, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1992.

42. Smaill F, Hofmeyer GJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; Issue 2.

43. WHO. Report on a baseline survey for the reduction of maternal infection and related mortality in Ghana 1992. WHO Report 2002; 1(22). www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_maternalsepsis.pdf. 2007.

44. Yokoe DS, Christiansen CL, Johnson R, et al. Epidemiology of and surveillance for postpartum infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:837841.

45. Dolea C, Stein C. Global burden of maternal sepsis in the year 2000. Evidence and Information for Policy (EIP). Geneva: World Health Organization; July 2003. : http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_maternalsepsis.pdf. 2007

46. Ledger WJ. Post-partum endomyometritis diagnosis and treatment: a review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2003;29:364373.

47. Seminprini AE, Catagla C, Ralizza M, et al. The incidence of complications after caesarean section in HIV-positive women. AIDS 1995;9:19131917.

48. Fawcus SR, van Coeverden de Groot HA, Isaacs S. A 50-year audit of maternal mortality in the Peninsula Maternal and Neonatal Service, Cape Town (19532002). Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2005;112:12571263.

49. Bicego G, Boerma JT, Ronsmans C. The effect of AIDS on maternal mortality in Malawi and Zimbabwe. AIDS 2002;16: 10781081.

50. Roberts S, Maccato M, Faro S, et al. The microbiology of post-cesarean wound morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81: 383386.

51. Olson M, OConnor M, Schwartz ML. Surgical wound infections: a 5-year prospective study of 20,193 wounds at Minneapolis VA Medical Center. Ann Surg 1984;199:253259.

52. Gibbs RS, Listwa HM, Read JA. The effect of internal fetal monitoring on maternal infection following caesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1976;48:653658.

53. Cruse PJE, Foord R. A five year prospective study of 23,649 surgical wounds. Arch Surg 1973;107:206210.

54. Moir-Bussy BR, Hutton RM, Thompson JR. Wound infection after caesarean section. J Hosp Infect 1984;5:359370.

55. Thompson CD, Brekken AL, Kutteh. Necrotizing fasciitis: a review of management guidelines in a large obstetrics and gynecology teaching hospital. Infect Dis Ob Gyn 1993;1: 1622.

56. Lev-Toaff AS, Baka JJ, Toaff ME, et al. Diagnostic imaging in puerperal febrile morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:5055.

57. Garcia J, Aboujaoude R, Apuzzio J, et al. Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis: diagnosis and management. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2006;2006:15614.

58. Dunnihoo DR, Gallaspy JW, Wise RB, et al. Postpartum ovarian vein thrombophlebitis: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1991;46:415427.

59. Brown CE, Stettler RW, Twickler D, et al. Puerperal septic pelvic thrombophlebitis: incidence and response to heparin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:143148.

60. Dessole S, Capobianco G, Arru A, et al. Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis: an unpredictable event: two case reports and review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2003;267: 242246.

61. Warde L, McDermott EW, Hill ADK, et al. Post-partum ovarian vein thrombosis. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2001;46:246248.

62. Wang IK, Lee CH, Yang BY, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin successfully treating a nephrotic patient complicated by renal and ovarian vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:7275.

63. Kominiarek MA, Hibbard JU. Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis: an update. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006;61:337342.

64. Beigi RH, Wiensefeld HC. Enoxaparin for postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis. J Reprod Med 2004;49:5557.

65. Morales-Rosello J, Villa P, Amrani M. Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis with positive lupus anticoagulant. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004;87:163164.

66. Ortin X, Ugarriza A, Espax RM, et al. Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2005;93:10041005.

67. Stray-Pedersen B, Blakstad M, Bergan T. Bacteriuria in the puerperium. Risk factors, screening procedures, and treatment programs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:792797.

68. Loughlin KR. Management of urologic problems during pregnancy. Urology 1994;44:159169.

69. Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164:637-644.

70. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368-1377.

71. Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002;288:862-871.

72. Burke JP. Infection control: a problem for patient safety. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:651-656.

73. Trzeciak S, Rivers EP. Emergency department overcrowding in the United States: an emerging threat to patient safety and public health. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:402-405.

74. Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a multicenter prospective study in intensive care units: French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis. JAMA. 1995;274:968-974.

75. Reinhart K, Kuhn HJ, Hartog C, et al. Continuous central venous and pulmonary artery oxygen saturation monitoring in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:1572-1578.

76. Chassagne P, Perol MB, Doucet J, et al. Is presentation of bacteremia in the elderly the same as in younger patients? Am J Med. 1996;100:65-70.

77. Cornbleet PJ. Clinical utility of the band count. Clin Lab Med. 2002;22:101-136.

78. Vanderschueren S, De Weerdt A, Malbrain M, et al. Thrombocytopenia and prognosis in intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1871-1876.

79. Kinasewitz GT, Yan SB, Basson B, et al. Universal changes in biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation occur in patients with severe sepsis, regardless of causative micro-organism. Crit Care. 2004;8:R82-R90.

80. Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:699-709.

81. Shorr AF, Thomas SJ, Alkins SA, et al. D-dimer correlates with proinflammatory cytokine levels and outcomes in critically ill patients. Chest. 2002;121:1262-1268.

82. Levraut J, Bounatirou T, Ichai C, et al. Reliability of anion gap as an indicator of blood lactate in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23:417-422.

83. Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, et al. Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:524-528.

84. Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, et al. Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1637-1642.

85. Gallagher EJ, Rodriguez K, Touger M. Agreement between peripheral venous and arterial lactate levels. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:479-483.

86. Marshall JC, Vincent JL, Fink MP, et al. Measures, markers, and mediators: toward a staging system for clinical sepsis: a report of the Fifth Toronto Sepsis Roundtable, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 25-26, 2000. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1560- 1567.

87. Weinstein MP. Current blood culture methods and systems: clinical concepts, technology, and interpretation of results. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:40-46.

88. Cockerill FR 3rd, Wilson JW, Vetter EA, et al. Optimal testing parameters for blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1724- 1730.

89. Lamy B, Roy P, Carret G, et al. What is the relevance of obtaining multiple blood samples for culture? a comprehensive model to optimize the strategy for diagnosing bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:842-850.

90. Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, et al. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 37:1405-1433.

91. Boissinot M, Bergeron MG. Toward rapid real-time molecular diagnostic to guide smart use of antimicrobials. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2002;5:478-482.

92. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P, et al. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients: SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1025-1032.

93. Marik PE, Varon J. Goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1025-1026.

94. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:639-660.

95. Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, et al. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1928-1948.

96. Shapiro NI, Howell M, Talmor D. A blueprint for a sepsis protocol. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:352-359.

97. Schierhout G, Roberts I. Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ. 1998;316:961-964.

98. Choi PT, Yip G, Quinonez LG, et al. Crystalloids vs. colloids in fluid resuscitation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27:200-210.

99. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2247-2256.

100. Groeneveld AB. Albumin and artificial colloids in fluid management: where does the clinical evidence of their utility stand? Crit Care. 2000;4:S16-S20.

101. Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M, et al. Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:2758- 2765.

102. Holmes CL, Patel BM, Russell JA, et al. Physiology of vasopressin relevant to management of septic shock. Chest. 2001;120:989-1002.

103. Holmes CL, Walley KR, Chittock DR, et al. The effects of vasopressin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock: a case series. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27: 1416-1421.

104. De Backer D, Creteur J, Silva E, et al. Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: which is best? Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1659- 1667.

105. Rady MY, Rivers EP, Nowak RM. Resuscitation of the critically ill in the ED: responses of blood pressure, heart rate, shock index, central venous oxygen saturation, and lactate. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:218-225.

106. Spronk PE, Ince C, Gardien MJ, et al. Nitroglycerin in septic shock after intravascular volume resuscitation. Lancet. 2002; 360:1395-1396.

107. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care: Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:409-417.

108. Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, et al. Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA. 2002;288:1499- 1507.

109. Qiu HB, Yang Y, Zhou SX, et al. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress test in patients with septic shock. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001;22:71-75.

110. Rhodes A, Lamb FJ, Malagon I, et al. A prospective study of the use of a dobutamine stress test to identify outcome in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:2361-2366.

111. Manthous CA, Hall JB, Kushner R, et al. The effect of mechanical ventilation on oxygen consumption in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:210-214.

112. Donnino MW, Nguyen HB, Jacobsen G, et al. Cryptic septic shock: a sub-analysis of early goal-directed therapy [abstract]. Chest. 2003;124:90S.

113. Leibovici L, Shraga I, Drucker M, et al. The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with bloodstream infection. J Intern Med. 1998;244:379-386.

114. Behrendt G, Schneider S, Brodt HR, et al. Influence of antimicrobial treatment on mortality in septicemia. J Chemother. 1999;11:179-186.

115. Zaragoza R, Artero A, Camarena JJ, et al. The influence of inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment on patients with bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9:412-418.

116. Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999;115:462-474.

117. Kang CI, Kim SH, Kim HB, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:745-751.

118. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000;118:146-155.

119. Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C, et al. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:230-237.

120. Cartwright K, Reilly S, White D, et al. Early treatment with parenteral penicillin in meningococcal disease. BMJ. 1992;305: 143-147.

121. Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM, et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. JAMA. 1997;278:2080-2084.

122. Silber SH, Garrett C, Singh R, et al. Early administration of antibiotics does not shorten time to clinical stability in patients with moderate-to-severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2003;124:1798-1804.

123. The Medicare National Pneumonia Quality Improvement Project. Centers for Medicare Quality Improvement Community [Web site]. Available at: http://www.medqic.org. 2006 .

124. Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract pathogens isolated from female outpatients across the US in 1999. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;18:121-127.

125. Gupta K, Sahm DF, Mayfield D, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in women: a nationwide analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:89-94.

126. Garau J, Xercavins M, Rodriguez-Carballeira M, et al. Emergence and dissemination of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in the community. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:2736-2741.

127. Jones ME, Karlowsky JA, Blosser-Middleton R, et al. Longitudinal assessment of antipneumococcal susceptibility in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:2651- 2655.

128. Thornsberry C, Sahm DF, Kelly LJ, et al. Regional trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States: results from the TRUST Surveillance Program, 1999-2000. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 34:S4-S16.

129. Doern GV, Brown SD. Antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the USA: data from PROTEKT US 2000-01. J Infect. 2004;48:56-65.

130. Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, et al. Factors associated with relative rates of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: results from the TRUST Surveillance Program (1998-2002). Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:963-970.

131. Chen DK, McGeer A, de Azavedo JC, et al. Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada: Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:233-239.

132. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Effect of new susceptibility breakpoints on reporting of resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:152-154.

133. Ho PL, Yung RW, Tsang DN, et al. Increasing resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones: results of a Hong Kong multicentre study in 2000. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48:659-665.

134. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant S taphylococcus aureus skin or soft tissue infections in a state prison: Mississippi, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001; 50:919-922.

135. Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:131-139.

136. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of community-associated methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections-Los Angeles County, California, 2002- 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2002;52:88.

137. Fish DN, Piscitelli SC, Danziger LH. Development of resistance during antimicrobial therapy: a review of antibiotic classes and patient characteristics in 173 studies. Pharmacotherapy. 1995; 15:279-291.

138. Frazee BW, Lynn J, Charlebois ED, et al. High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in emergency department skin and soft tissue infections. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:311-320.

139. Moran GJ, Talan DA. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: is it in your community and should it change practice? Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:321-322.

140. Lewis JS 2nd, Jorgensen JH. Inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci: should clinicians and microbiologists be concerned? Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:280-285.

141. Acar JF. Antibiotic synergy and antagonism. Med Clin North Am. 2000;84:1391-1406.

142. Stevens DL. Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995;1:69-78.

143. Zimbelman J, Palmer A, Todd J. Improved outcome of clindamycin compared with beta-lactam antibiotic treatment for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:1096-1100.

144. Bouza E, Munoz P. Monotherapy versus combination therapy for bacterial infections. Med Clin North Am. 2000;84:1357-1389.

145. Leibovici L, Paul M, Poznanski O, et al. Monotherapy versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination treatment for gramnegative bacteremia: a prospective, observational study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:1127-1133.

146. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:730-751.

147. Wunderink RG, Rello J, Cammarata SK, et al. Linezolid vs vancomycin: analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Chest. 2003;124:1789-1797.

148. Kahn JB, Bahal N, Wiesinger BA, et al. Cumulative clinical trial experience with levofloxacin for patients with communityacquired pneumonia-associated pneumococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:S34-S42.

149. Siberry GK, Tekle T, Carroll K, et al. Failure of clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resistance in vitro. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1257-1260.

150. Riedl CR, Plas E, Hubner WA, et al. Bacterial colonization of ureteral stents. Eur Urol. 1999;36:53-59.

151. Warren JW. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997;11:609-622.

152. Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:1249-1272.

153. Lamberts SW, Bruining HA, de Jong FH. Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1285-1292.

154. Annane D, Sebille V, Troche G, et al. A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin. JAMA. 2000;283: 1038-1045.

155. Cooper MS, Stewart PM. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:727-734.

156. Annane D, Briegel J, Keh D, et al. Clinical equipoise remains for issues of adrenocorticotropic hormone administration, cortisol testing, and therapeutic use of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:2250-2251.

157. Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:141-145.

158. Hamrahian AH, Oseni TS, Arafah BM. Measurements of serum free cortisol in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;350: 1629-1638.

159. Opal SM. Corticosteroids for patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2003;289:41-42.

160. Millo J. Corticosteroids for patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2003;289:41.

161. Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, et al. Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and metaanalysis. BMJ. 2004;329:480.

162. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301-1308.

163. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:858-872

164. Osborn TM, Nguyen HB, Rivers EP. Emergency medicine and the surviving sepsis campaign: an international approach to managing severe sepsis and septic shock. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46:228-231.

165. Sepsis bundle. Available at: http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Topics/CriticalCare/Sepsis. 2006.

166. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:536-555.

167. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion in critical care. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:409417

168. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Rodriguez RM, et al: Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patient: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:23462350

169. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Pearl RG, et al: Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002; 288:28272835

170. Guidelines for red blood cell and plasma transfusion for adults and children. Report of the Working Group. CMAJ 1997; 156(Suppl):S1S24

171. Practice guidelines for blood component therapy. A report by the American Society of Anaesthesiologists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy. Anesthesiology 1996; 84:732747

172. Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P, et al: High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 286: 18691878

173. Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:699-709

174. Bidani A, Tzouanakis AE, Cardenas VJ, et al: Permissive hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure. JAMA 272:957962

175. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, OConnor MF, et al: Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 14711477

176. Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, et al: Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:26092615

177. Brandom BW, Yellon FF, Lloyd ME, et al: Recovery from doxacurium infusion administered to produce immobility for more than four days in pediatric patients in the intensive care unit. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 307314

178. Rudis MI, Sikora CA, Angus E, et al: A prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation of peripheral nerve stimulation versus standard clinical dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:2557525583

179. Frankel H, Jeng J, Tilly E, et al: The impact of implementation of neuromuscular blockade monitoring standards in a surgical intensive care unit. Am Surg 1996; 62: 503506

180. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 13591367

181. Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, et al: Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 2003; 20412047

182. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, et al: Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:359366

183. Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB, et al: A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2001; 60:11541163

184. Kellum J, Angus DC, Johnson JP, et al: Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy: A meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28:2937

185. Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR, et al: Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis: A prospective, controlled clinical study. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 492 498

186. Mathieu D, Neviere R, Billard V, et al: Effects of bicarbonate therapy on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with lactic acidosis: A prospective, controlled clinical study. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:13521356

187. Samama MM, Cohen AT, Darmon JY, et al: A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 793800

188. Cook D, Guyatt G, Marshall J, et al: A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:791797

189. .. . .: , 2001.

190. The AGREE Collaboration. Appraisal of Guideline for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument. http://www.agreecollaboration.org

191. .. . . , , 2004

192. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network. SIGN 50: A guideline developers' handbook. SIGN Publication No. 50. Published February 2001. Last updated May 2004. http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/index.html

193. . , . , 2003. www.osdm.org

194. Measuring General Practice. A demonstration project to develop and test a set of primary care clinical quality indicators. National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, University of Manchester, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA. Martin N. Marshall, Martin O. Roland, Stephen M. Campbell, Sue Kirk, David Reeves, Robert Brook, Elizabeth A. McGlynn, Paul G. Shekelle. The Nuffield Trust, 2003

195. The Clinical Audit Handbook. Improving the quality of health care. Clare Morrell, Gill Harvey. Royal College of Nursing Institute, Oxford, UK, 1999.

 





:


: 2016-11-23; !; : 339 |


:

:

, ,
==> ...

1693 - | 1684 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.236 .