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- 䒺




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1) 3 5 . ?

3 + 5 = 8, ᒺ : ( 3) ( 5). ֳ . , , ' , ᒺ. ᒺ 8; 8 .

2) ᒺ A = { k, l, m, n } B = { n, o, p }.

. ʳ A: n (A) = 4, B: n (B) = 3. A B = { k, l, m, n, o, p } n (A B) = 6. n (A B) ≠ 4 + 3. ? , = { n } , ,

n (A) + n (B) ≠ n (A B).

, 䒺 ᒺ , .

 

. b ᒺ , , n () = , () = b, + b = ( ), = (), b = (), = .

, , , n (A) = a n (B) = b.

:

1) A = { a, b }, B = { c, d } A B = { a, b, c, d } = , , n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) = 2 + 2 = 4, n (A) = 2, n (B) = 2.

2) A = {Δ, Δ}, B = {Ο, Ο} A B = {Δ, Δ, Ο, Ο} = , , n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) = 2 + 2 = 4, n (A) = 2, n (B) = 2.

 

ij, , . , , .

䒺 , ᒺ ( 㳿). - .

 

,

: 䒺 .

( ' ).

, 䒺 b, 䒺 , b.

 

. , n +1 , 1 + 2 +... + + +1 (1 + 2 +... + ) + +1,

1 + 2 +... + + +1 = (1 + 2 +... + ) + +1 .

: .

 

() : - 䒺 b : + b = b + .

. A, b B, n (A) = , n (B) = b = . 䒺 + b = n (A B). A B = B A ( ᒺ ), n (A B) = n (B A) n (B A) = b + + b = b + - 䒺 .

 

() : - 䒺 , b, : (a + b) + = + (b + ).

. A, b B, , n (A) = , n (B) = , n () = , = , B = . 䒺 ( + b) + = n (A B) + n (C) = n ((A B) C). ᒺ (A B) = =A (B C), n ((A B) ) = n (A (B C)) n (A (B C)) = n (A) + n (B C) = + (b + ) ( + b) + + = + (b + ).

: - 䒺 , b, m , = b : .

 

:

.

1) ( + b) + = ( + ) + b = + (b + );

2) + (b + ) = ( + b) + =:( + ) + b.

: , .

 

.

( + b) + ( + d) = ( + ) + (b + d) = ( + d) + (b + ).

, , .

ֳ - ᒺ : , ᒺ - , .

䳿 : (1 ), , . 4 .

 





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