1. . : H2SO4; H3BO3; H4P2O7; HClO; HMnO4.
2. , : FeO; Cs2O;HgO; Bi2O3; CaO; Fe2O3.
3. , . : H2SiO3; Cu(OH)2; H3ASO4; H3P3O9; HClO2; HMnO4; Fe(OH)3; H2WO4; HClO4.
4. : HCl; H2S; NO2; N2; Cl2; CH4; SO2; NH3? .
5. Ca3 (PO4)2; Mg(ClO4)2;
Ba (NO3)2; NaAlO2 :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
6. , - .
7. : P2O5; CO2; N2O5; NO2; SO2.? .
8. : HNO3; CaO; CuSO4; Zn(OH)2; P2O5; SO2; NH3. .
9. : K2O2; MnO2; BaO2; MnO; CrO3; V2O5; Cl2O7; Cl2O; Cr2O3.? . ( ) ?
10. () : N2O5; CaO; CuSO4; Zn(OH)2; P2O5; AgNO3; NH3; H3PO4; Cr2O3; Fe(OH)3. .
11. : SeO2; MnO2; BaO; Mn2O7; CrO3; V2O5; Cl2O7; P2O3? . .
12. : N2O5; CaO; Cu(OH)NO3; Zn(OH)2; P2O5; NH3; NaHCO3; Cr2O3; Fe(OH)3. .
13. , :
) Ba(OH)2 HCl; ) Cl2 Na2CO3; ) NCl AgNO3? .
14. c .
15. : SO2; MnO2; aO; Mn2O7; CrO3; N2O5; Cl2O; P2O3? . .
16. : N2O5; MgO; Cu(OH)NO3; P2O5; NH3; NaHCO3; SO3; HClO3? .
17. , :
) Ba(OH)2 H2SO4; ) MgCl2 Na2CO3; ) NCl Pb(NO3)2? .
18. c .
19. , : S SO2 NaHSO3 - Na2SO3 CaSO3 SO2 SO3 BaSO4.
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20. : (III); ; ; .
4.
. .
4.1
- , , , - , , .. - . - , : ; , . - , (mc) (l): hn = mc2 l = , h , 6,63×10-34 ×; n - , n = /l; - 3×108 /; l - .
, , , (, ) Y ( ), (HY=EY, H - , . ½Y½2 - .
, , (mu) . - . - (, x) (- p = mv) . , , . , 90%.
() - Y. , : n, l, m, .
.
1. n , , , , . n 1 ¥, 1 7. , , - , L, M, N, O, P Q.
2. - , . l . 0 n 1. , n = 1, (l = 0). n = 4 l , : 0, 1, 2, 3. , l, s-, p-,d- f-. , 3 - n = 3 l = 1. n l.
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. s- ; - , , 900 px, py pz. d- f- .
3. ml - , , .. . l + l, 2 l + 1 . , ml l, l -1, , 0,... - (l -1), - l, , , , , , ml. , l = 1 (p-) ml 1, 0, +1 ( px, py, pz), l = 3 7 : -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. d- l = 2, m l =-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, .. , (dxy, dyz, dxz) ().
4. ms - . .
n l - , l ml . .
-
.
. , - . , - , , - :
() , - . ( ).
- (n), (l) . - n + l (1- ), - n (2- ).
, , ; , .. .
, . , - 2 n 2, - 2(2 l + 1). : 1s22s2-2p63s23p5. 17 .
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, , . . ns1 ( ) (n 1)d10ns1 ( ). II ns2 ( ) (n 1)d10ns2 ( ), III ns2np1 ( ) (n 1)d1ns2 ( ), IV ns2np2 ( ) (n 1)d2ns2 ( ), V ns2np3 ( ) (n 1)d4ns1 ( ), VI - ns2np4 ( ) (n 1)d5ns1 ( ), VII ns2np5 ( ) (n 1)d5ns2 ( ). VIII (, , ). ns2np6 ( ); , s (1s2). .
- n . l. s , s- , p , p- ..; s p , d- f- . . . , : ( ). , , .
, , . , , . , .
4.2
1. , . ?
. 4- (z = 24) (z = 29), 4 , , Sc, 3d , : Cr 1s22s22p63s23p6(4s23d4); Cu 1s22s22p63s23p6(4s23d9). - 4s 3d :
Cr 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5;
Cu 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10;
d .
(z = 32) :
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2. -.
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2. - .
. .
N 1s22s22p3; O 1s22s22p4.
, , l , .
3. : 4s23d3 4s24p3. .
. 4, - . 5, - . d- ( ), - ( ). , , . +5, , 25, 3 34.
4.
ns2(n 1)d4. ?
. :
åS = 5 (+ ) + 1 (- ) = 2.
, d- (, , ). , ns1(n 1)d5. , .
4.3
1. , l=2? l=3?
2. - n=4?
3. , n +l: ) 5; ) 6; ) 7.
4. , : ) 4d; ) 4;
5. - 8; 15; 18; 20, 23, 53, 63, 83. . - .
6. , , , , , . - ?
7. : ) 5s25p4; ) 3d54s1; ) 6s26p1. , . ().
8. n + l =5?
9. - , d-?
10. ? ?
5.