1. .. , (
), . (, 1979),
. 27.
2. . George A. Miller, "The Magical Number 7 plus or minus 2: some limits on our
capacity for processing information," Psychological Review, 63, 2 (1956), pp. 8197.
3. ...
- (: .
, 1972), . 170.
4. ...
. , 18 (1981), . 90.
5. ...
. , 20 (1983), . 74.
6. , . 74.
7. Brian Harris, "Prolegomenon to a Study of the Differences between Teaching Translation
and Teaching Interpreting," in L'enseignement de I'interprEtation et de la traduction, Jean Delisle,
ed. (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1981), p. 157.
8. cm. G.G.Yudina, Improve Interpreting Skills (: ,
1976), p. 13, A.M. ,
(: , 1974), . 41.
9. Daniel Gile, "An Overview of Conference Interpretation Research and Theory,"in
Languages at Crossroads: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference, ATA, 1988, p. 367.
10. .., , . 90.
11. .., , . 74.
12. ... (:
, 1978), 184.
13. A good dictionary of abbreviations is invaluable. See
(-: , 1997); ..,
( : ,
1995). . S.Pyatetskaia, Introducing Russian Newspapers (Moscow: Russky Yazyk, 1974),
pp. 222-224..
X:
1. John Glemet, quoted in David Gerver, "Empirical Studies of Simultaneous Interpretation:
A Review and a Model," Translation: Applications and Research, ed. Richard W. Brislin (New
York: Gardner Press, 1976), p. 168.
2. Quoted in George H. Hanna and Julius M. Katzer, "The Translation of Russian," in
. :
(: . , 1964), . 59.
3. ... (:
, 1976), . 5.
4. Moscow News, English-language edition, 5 February 1989.
5..., . 65.
6. Hanna and Katzer, p. 60.
7. T.G.Bever, "Perceptions, Thought and Language," in Language Comprehension and the
Acquisition of Knowledge, ed. John B. Carroll and Ray O. Freedle (Washington, D.C.: V.W.
Winston and Sons, 1972), p. 100.
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A striking example of how syntactic differences can impede communication comes from Japanese and English ordering of sentences and concepts:
"When Japanese read Chinese literature we need signs to change the word order, while Chinese can simply read from beginning to end and understand the sentence at once. English is like Chinese in this way. This means:hat the American thought processes follow a different order from ours. And so, no matter how excellent the interpreter, a Japanese will not be able to understand an American by following the order of Japanese thought processes. Regrettably, when it comes to putting our message across, the order of our thoughts puts us in a minority in the world. If we don't communicate with Westerners in an order they grasp, we cannot be understood."
Morita Akio and Ishihara Shintaro, The Japan that Can't Say 'No': The Card for a New US-Japan Relationship. Quoted by Ian Buruma in his review in The New York Review of Books, 1 December 1989, p. 20.
8. This chapter deals with practical problems of Russian syntax rather than with theory. For
background material see .., op. cit.; ..,
: (': , 1976);
O.Krylova and S.Khavronina, Word Order in Russian, 2nd ed., revised (Moscow: Russky Yazyk,
1988); ., , 1979); ..,
(: , 1988); .., :
(: , 1987).
9. Richard Schupbach, "On Technical Russian and the Teaching Thereof," SEEJ, 32, 3
(1988), p. 448.
10. . .., ,
, 23 (1989), . 5455.
. See O.Krylova and S.Khavronina, p. 8.
12. Ibid., pp. 41-45.
13. Ibid., p. 47.
14. ... (: , 1987), . 221.
15. For a detailed discussion of Russian-English functional sentence perspective see
.. and O.Krylova and S.Khavronina.
16. Marjorie Smith, "A Matter of Interpretation," Newsweek, 14 December 1987, p.9.
17. See O.Krylova and S.Khavronina, pp. 72-80; .., 105-107;
.., 175.
18. . .., ,
, 5 (1985), . 2021.
19. .., , . 142144.
20. .. . ,
9 (1972), . 48.
21. . ., .,
, , 3 (1966), . 7880; ..,
.., (: , 1968), . 5254;
., ., (":
, 1964), . 2541; .., , . 118123.
22. . ., ., . 77-78.
23. .., . 146.
24. . .., , .148160.
25. , . 160.
26. .., .., , . 52-58.
27. . ., ., . 80, and .,
, , 9 (1972), . 4849.
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28. . ., , . 4749.
29. . .., . 168169 .
30. ., ., , . 2526.
31. Moscow News, English-language edition, 5 February 1989.
32. .., . 72.
33. No Uncertain Terms, FBIS, vol. 4, 2 (1989), 10.
34. . .., , . 218.
35. Moscow News, op. cit.
36. Borras and Christian, Russian Syntax, pp. 168169.
37. Ibid., pp. 169-172.
38. .., . 217, and Borras and Christian, p. 259.
XL :
1. . .., , . 2- (:
, 1968), . 1019; .., ..,
(: , 1972), . 1951; L.A. Kiseleva et al., A
Practical Handbook of Russian Style (Moscow: Progress Publishers, n.d.), pp. 15-24;
.., (: , 1966).
2. ... , 18
(1981), . 10.
3. . .., :
(: , 1987), . 17.
4. , . 143-145, 170-176.
5. . .., , . 199204; ..,
(
)
: , . 1 (: .
, 1975), . 141.
6. . .., . 200-203.
7. .., , .181183.
8. ..,
(: , 1980), . 25.
9. . ., ,
.
10. .., , . 27.
11. , . 26,
12. ,
No Uncertain Terms, FBIS, vol. 4, 1 (1989), 53-54.
13. , (: , 1988),
. 110-111.
14. , . 110.
