- , :
060101 , 060103 ,
060105 - , 060201 .
2013
547 (081)
24.1+28.072
912
. . / .. [ .]. : - , 2013. 199 .
:
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, : 060101 , 060103 , 060201 , 060105 - . , , . , . , .. .
:
. , , ..
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. .. 31.05.2012 ( 6).
380/05.05-20 19.09.2012 .
, 2013
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, , ,
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() , . , , , . , . ( ), ( ). ( ) .
, . :
% ( ) (, ) 100 (, ) :
%=m- 100% / m- (1),
m- - , m-. , (0,9% NaCl) 0,9 NaCl 100 .
() 1 (13) . = ν/V, ν=m/M, V . :
=m / ̷V (2),
m- , ; - , /; V , .
, 5 5 6126 1 .
N (, ) , 1 (13) . ( , ) , , . , . , , , ( ), ( ), , . , (2SO4)= 98/2=49 (/), (()2)=74/2=37 (/), (Al2(SO4)3)=342/32=57 (/). , - , .
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:
N=m / V (3),
m- , ; -, /; V , . 0,1N HCl ( 0,1. HCl) , 1 0,1 HCl.
, , . m=N V= M M V, :
N = M M (4).
m () 1 (1000) .
m = ν- / m- = m- / m- (5),
ν- - ; m- - , ; m- - , ; - , /.
, 0.3 m NaOH 0,3 1000 .
- () 1 (13) . =m/V (6),
m , ; V , .
:
= N /1000 (7),
- , /; N , N; 1000 - ( 1 1000).
. (1- , 2- ), :
1=ν1/(ν1+ ν2);
2=ν2/(ν1+ ν2) (8),
ν1 , ν2 . 1+ 2=1.
, - , .
1.
10 0.015 (C27H47O). ( ) , ρ ≈1 /.
:
C% :
, m() = V() ρ =10 1/ = 10, C% =0.015100/10=0.15%;
, 100 :
0.015 () - 10 ()
X () - 100 (),
: X=C% = 0.015 100 / 10 = 0.15 = 0.15%
1 (). (=): Mr()= 27Ar(C)+47Ar(H)+1Ar(O)=2712+471+116=387;
=387 /, ( 10): n = 0.015 / 387 = 0.0000388 (), 1 : CM = 0.0000388 / 0.01 = 0.00388 / = 3.88 .
: 0.15%; 3.88 .
2.
400 25% (MgSO4) ρ =1.2 / 5 ?
:
, :
m=Vρ=400 1.2=480 ()
25 (MgSO4) 100(),
X (MgSO4) 480(),
X=25480 / 100 = 120 (). MgSO4, : , 5 (MgSO4) 1, m (MgSO4)= n M=5 120 / = 600 .
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, 5M , 120 MgSO4:
600(MgSO4) 1000
120(MgSO4) X , X= 200 .
, 200 5M MgSO4, 400, ( 2 ).
. , MgSO4, : n=120/120=1 ,... ..].
: 200 5 - 400.
3.
MgSO4, , . , 2.5M. , , , 1.2 / .
( ), 5 () 125 ?
:
CN CN = CM M, ( ). : = ,
CN M / 2 = CM M, CN = 2 CM = 2 2.5 = 5 (N, ., /)
:
T= CN / 1000 = 60 5 / 1000 = 0.3000 (/)
MgSO4 1 , 1 , MgSO4, :
m() = ρ V = 1.2 1000 = 1200 (),
m(MgSO4) = n M = 2.5 120 = 300 (),
m(H2O) = m() m (MgSO4) = 1200-300 = 900 ()
2.5 (MgSO4) 900 (),
(MgSO4) 1000 (), =2.51000/900 = 2.78 (/)
X :
n (H2O) = m / M = 900 / 18 = 50 (),
X(MgSO4) = =0.048
, 5 MgSO4 :
2.5(MgSO4) 1000 ()
X (MgSO4) - 5 (), X=0.0125=12.5
( ) = ( )
12.5 = 125, => = 10
10 .
: 5., 0.3000 /, 2.78 /, 0.048; 10.