, . . , . , . .
.
10,0 0,1 NH4OH 0,1 HCl.
:
.5.
( )
(19)
5.
10,0 0,1 NH4OH 0,1 HCl
V(HCl), | [H+],/ | pH | ||||
1. | 0,00 | 0,10 | - | - | - | 11,12 |
2. | 2,50 | 0,06 | 0,020 | 3,000 | - | 9,72 |
3. | 5,00 | 0,03 | 0,030 | 1,000 | - | 9,24 |
4. | 9,00 | 5 10 - 3 | 0,047 | 0,100 | - | 8,24 |
5. | 9,90 | 5 10 - 4 | 0,050 | 0,010 | - | 7,24 |
6. | 9,99 | 5 10 - 5 | 0,050 | 0,001 | - | 6,24 |
7. | 10,00 | - | 0,050 | - | - | 5,27 |
8. | 10,01 | - | 0,050 | - | 5 10- 5 | 4,30 |
9. | 10,10 | - | 0,050 | - | 5 10- 4 | 3,30 |
10. | 11,00 | - | 0,047 | - | 5 10- 3 | 2,30 |
11. | 15,00 | - | 0,040 | - | 0,02 | 1,70 |
9,0 0,1 HCl :
(20)
(21)
(22)
.
( 9,99 0,1 HCl) : 0,1 % 99,9 % :
( 10,0 0,1 HCl)
(23)
, , [H+]- (9).
, (V(HCl) = 10,01 )
.3.
.3. 10 0,1 NH4OH 0,1 HCl
. 6,24 4,3. Δ ~1,9 , . . . , . , .
|
|
IV. .
(, CH3COOH NH4OH), .
1.
, , [-] , [H+]=3.910-8/.
:
pH = -lg[H+] = -lg(3.910-8)= -lg3.9 -lg10-8=8-lg3.9=7.4
, +=14.
=14-=14-7.4=6.6
, :
=-lg[-]=6.6; lg[-]=-6.6; [-] =10-6.6 = 2.510-7
, w=[H+][-]=110-14,
[-]=110-14/[H+]= 110-14/3.910-8=0.2510-6= 2.510-7
: 7.4; 6.6; 2.510-7
2.
pH ( 7, 7, 7) : KCl, Na2S, Fe(NO3)2, 3NH4.
:
. , , ( ), .
.
( ): HClO4, HClO3, HNO3, H2SO4, HMnO4, HCl, HBr, HI. ( , , , VIIA , HF.)
( ): LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2.
( ): (CH3COOH, C6H5OH, ), (HClO2, HClO, HNO2, H2SO3, H2CO3, H2SiO3, H3PO3, H3BO3, H2S, HCN, HF,...)
( ): (C6H5NH2, (CH3)2NH,), (Fe(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Cu(OH)2,), (NH4OH).
KCl OH HCl, , , pH = 7.
Na2S NaOH H2S, , pH>7, .
Fe(NO3)2 HNO3 Fe(OH)2, , pH<7, . 3NH4 , , , .
: pH=7; pH>7; pH<7; pH=7.
3.
0.1N HCl. 1.0 2.16 . , 231.3 /, 1 /. pH ? , , .
:
CN()V()=CN()V(),
(.)V(.)=C(HCl)V(HCl), (.)=2.160.1/1.0=0.216N
|
|
100 ( 100=100=0.1) :
m= CN V= 0.216 231.3 0.1=4.996
, 4.996 ≈5%
(pH..<7), ( ) . ( / =3.1-4.4). .
: 5%; pH..<7.