. : , , , , .
, ? , : , ( ).
: z, x z. , : , , .
. R X , .
.
. X = {5, 7, 10, 15, 12} R: < .
R = {(5, 7), (5, 10), (5, 15), (5, 12), (7, 10), (7, 15), (7, 12), (10, 15), (10, 12), (12, 15)}.
. , . . , z, z (. 8).
X :
{5, 7, 10, 12, 15}.
.6 ( 6 ) VII, VIII .
. . , = , ³ ³ , .. .
. R X , , .
.
(£)
X = {5, 7, 10, 15, 12}. (. 9).
, , .
. 6 ( 6 ) V, VI .
( ) , .
. X R, , :
(, ) Î R (, ) Î R.
R , : , , (, ) Î R (, ) Î R, , .
, N, Z, Q, R (<).
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(Í), (Ì) , .. . , Í ( Ì).
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} . , . .
1 2 3 4 5 6
.
, , . , , 4 5 (. 10).
< . , R ( ) X : , Î Ry, yRx, , X .
X , n , 1,2,3,..., n.
:
1. , , X, R. , aR R, , .
2. X, R, , .
3. , , .