- , , . .
, , ( ), () , ( ),- , () - (.6.9).
, , . , . , , , . . .
( ). , , , . . ( ), . (), . , , , (.6.10).
, x, :
Rx = Cx S, (6.15)
ρ - ; υ - ; S - .
Rx , , .
, (6.15):
Ry = Cy S, (6.16)
- .
7. -
, - , , , .
XVII . . . , . XIX . . , . . .
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, , . . , , (, . .). , , , . . , .
, , . , . XI , () (). 1,013 105 0 100 ( ).
, (, , 609 ). 273,15 . . 273,15 ( , ),
=273,15 + t.
T =0 . , 0 , .
- , , :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
, , , . , , , .
- : :
pV = const
Τ = const, m = const. (7.1)
, V, , . , (.7.1) , , .
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- : 1) :
V = V 0(1+α t),
p = const, m = const; (7.2)
.7.1. .7.2. .7.3.
2) :
p = p 0(1+ at)
V = const, = const. (7.3)
t , p 0 V 0 0, a = 1/273,15 -1.
, , . V, t (.7.2) , . , , . (.7.3) , t , .
(7.2) (7.3) , t = -1/ a = -273,15 , 1+ at = 0. , ,
Τ = t +1/ a.
(7.2) (7.3) , - :
V = V 0 (1+ at) = V 0 [1+ a (T -1/ a)] = V 0 a,
p = (1 + at) = 0 [1+ a (T - 1/)] = p 0 a
V 1 /V 2= 1 / 2
= const, m = const, (7.4)
1 / 2 = 1 / 2
V =const, m = const, (7.5)
1 2 , .
: . 22,41×10-3 3/.
, , :
N = 6,022 .1023 -1.
: 1, 2,, , :
p = 1 + 2 +... + .
, , , , .
7.3.
, : , V . , , : .7.4.
F (p, V, T)=0,
.
. , - -. V 1, 1 T 1. 2, V 2, 2(.7.4).
1 2 : 1) ( 1 1/ ), 2) ( 1/ 2).
(7.1) - (7.5) :
1 V 1 =p/ 1 V 2, (7.6)
. (7.7)
(7.6) (7.7) p/ 1 :
.
1 2 , pV/T , . .
pV/T = = const. (7.8)
(7.8) , , .
. . , (7.8) , Vm. , p Τ Vm, . R .
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pVm = RT (7.9)
, , - .
(7.9), , ( 0 = 1,013×105 , T 0=273,15 , Vm =22,41×10-3 3/): R =8,31 /( ).
(7.9) - . p T Vm, V= (m/) Vm, Μ ( ). (/).
pV = RT = vRT,(7.10)
: v=m/M .
,
k=R/NA = 1,38∙10-23 /.
, (2.4)
p= RT/Vm = kNAT/Vm = nkT,
NA/Vm=n ( ). ,
p=nkT (7.11)
, ( ). . , 13 , :
Nl = 0 / (k 0) = 2,68∙1025 -3.