, , , , ..
:
1) . . . 1.1;
2) :
TS = S max S min TN = N max N min;
3) a S(N), :
TS (TN) = a S(N) i = TD + Td = a D i + a d i = i (a D + a d),
a S(N) = TS (TN)/ i,
a D + a d = a S(N) (), a D a d .
i = 0,1 IT 6 1.1 , .
1.5
H / h ( ) | , , , . , . 4- 12- |
: , , () , | |
, H 7/ h 6, | |
(H 8/ h 9) | () , , , , , |
; (H 10/ h 11) | , |
(H 12/ h 12) | ; ; , |
H 11/ h 11; H 12/ h 12 | , ; |
H / g; G / h ( ) | ( 4- 7-). . |
G 7/ h 6 H 6/ g 5 | ( ). , , , , , , |
H / f; F / h ( ) | , . , , , |
(n = 50...2000 /). , , (67) | |
H 6/ f 6; F 7/ h 5 | . , |
H 8/ f 8; H 8/ f 9 H 9/ f 9; F 8/ h 8 F 9/ f 8; F 9/ h 9 | . , , , . |
H / e; E / h ( ) | ( , ). ( , ). 2...25 . /; ( 2 d) ; , |
, , , , | |
H 6/ e 8; H 7/ e 7; E 8/ h 6 | . () |
H 8/ e 9; H 9/ e 9; E 9/ h 9 | |
H / d; D / h ( ) | , , |
H 7/ d 8; H 8/ d 8; D 8/ h 6; D 8/ h 7 | . . , , , ( ), , |
H 8/ d 9; H 9/ d 9 | . (n = 25...50 . /), , , , |
H 7/ d 11; H 8/ d 11 | , , . , , , , , |
H 8/ c 8 | , - , , , , |
( ) H 11/ 11; H 11/ b 11 H 12/ b 11; H 11/ a 11 A 11/ h 11 | (11- 12-) , , , , , |
H / js; Js / h | , . , . , . : 4- 7-, 5- 8-. |
H 7/ js 6; Js 7/ h 6 | 4-, 5- , , , |
H 6/ js 5; Js 6/ h 5 | . , |
H 8/ js 7; Js 8/ h 7 | . 0 6 , , , ; |
H / k; K / h ( ) | . L < 3 d . , , ( 15 /) |
K 7/ h 6 | , ; ; , ; , ; , |
H 6/ k 5; K 6/ h 5 | . , |
H 8/ k 7; K 8/ h 7 | . , |
H / m; M / h | . (. 15 /) (L > 2 d), . |
H 7/ m 6; H 6/ m 6; H 8/ m 7; M 7/ h 6; M 6/ h 5; M 8/ h 7 | , , , . , |
H / n; N / h | , . . , . |
H 7/ n 6; H 7/ n5; H 8/ n 7; N 7/ h 6; N 6/ h 5; N 8/ h 7 | - (, ), , , , , |
Js; js; K; k; M; m; N; n | , - |
H / p; P / h ( ) | . , , - . . . ( 5; 6 P 7 ;P 6) . |
P 7/ h 6 | , , , , , |
H 6/ p 5; P 6/ h 5; | . , , |
H / R; H / S;R/h; S/h ( ) | N = (0.0002...0.0006) dm. . ( ) |
H 7/ r 6 ( d ≤ 80) H 7/ s 6 ( d > 80) R 7/ h 6; S 7 /h 6 | , , , , , |
H / u; H / x; H / z ( ) | N = (0.001... 0.002) dm. . ( , ) |
H 7/ u 7; H 8/ u 8 H 8/ x 8; H 8/ z 8 | , , - ; , |
: 1. . 2. ( ) . |
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: a S(N)/2, D = a d ≈ S(N)/2 S(N)/2 1.1; D = a d ≈ S(N)/2 , , ( , ), a D > a d, D + a d a S(N). , , , .
, S = 35. a D = a d = 35/2 = 17,5 ≈ IT 7 ( = 16). , IT 6(a d = 10), D = 35 10 = 25, IT 8.
3) , :
- ( 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) :
ES ( EI = 0) ei h ( es =0) ;
- .
4) 2534689 .
5) , .
6) () :
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S max . ≤ S max; S min . ≈ S min;
N max . ≈ N max; N min . ≥ N min.
10 %. (∆ T) (T ) (T ) :
∆ T = (T T ) 100 % / T ≤ 10 %.
7) . ( ) .