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[1] Ekman P. Why kids lie. Penguin Books, 1991.

[2] Feiling . The Life of Neville Chamberlain. London: Macmillan, 1947, p.367. (Jervis R. The of Images in International Relations. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1970) , , , . : On the Intelligence Aspects of Personal Diplomacy // Orbis, 7 (1964).

[3] 28 1938. Chamberlain N. In Search of Peace. New York: Putnam and Sons, 1939, p.210. . . .

[4] 60- , , (Darwin and Facial Expression. New York: Academic Press, 1973).

[5] , : (Ekman P., Friesen W. V. Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception. Psychiatry, 32 1969, p.88-105).

[6] lie catcher (. ). , ( , ), , , , . (. .)

[7] 1974 . , . , , , (. .)

[8] 1979 . (. .)

[9] Wohlstetter R. Slow Pearl Harbors and the Pleasures of Deception // Intelligence Policy and National Security. Ed. R. L. Pfaltzgraff, Uri Ra'anan and W. Milberg. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1981, pp.23-34.

[10] , , 1918 . (. ,)

[11] San Francisco Chronicle, October 28, 1982, .12.

[12] . , - , : , , , . . , . . , , . , , . (Powell J. The Other Side of the Story. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1984.)

[13] The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971, p.1616).

[14] , 1972 ( - ), (, . .) . . 1974 . (. .)

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[17] , , ; ; .

[18] . , (Intelligence and Deception // Journal of Strategic Studies 5, March 1982, pp.122-154) . . : Mack Smith D. Mussolinis Roman Empire, p.197.

[19] , , , , , , . , , : ... - , - ( : The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books, 1959, p.59, 64).

[20] . . Handel Intellegence; Whaley B. Toward a General Theory of Deception // Journal of Strategic Studies 5, March 1982, p.179-192.

[21] , , , , . , , , , . (Bok S. Secrets. New York: Pantheon, 1982, p.XV.)

[22] , (ve Sweetser) , , : , (Sweetser E. The Definition of a Lie // Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Ed. Quinn N. and Holland D. (in press)).

[23] Rosenbaum D.E. New York Times, December 17, 1980.

[24] Updike J. Marry Me. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1976, p.40. . (..)

[25] Weizman E. The Battle for Peace New York: Bantam Books, 1981, . 182.

[26] , : ... , ... , . ... , , (Hayano D. Poker Lies and Tells // Human Behavior, March 1979, p.20).

[27] Bullock A. Hitler. New York: Harper & Row, 1964, rev. ed., p.528. . Jervis R. The Logic of Images in International Relations. Princeton, University Press, 1970.

[28] Daley R. The Prince of the City. New York: Berkley Books, 1981, p.101.

[29] Updike. Marry Me, p.90.

[30] Carrol J. Everyday Hypocrisy A User Guide. San Francisco Chronicle, April 11, 1983, p.17.

[31] Updike. Marry Me, p.90.

[32] Sirica J.J. To Set the Record Stright. New York: New American Library, 1980, p.142.

[33] Phelan J. Scandals, Scamps and Scoundrels. New York: Random House, 1982, p.22.

[34] , , 1911 , . 1934 , . 50- , . ; . . (. .).

[35] Rattigan T. The Winslow Boy. New York: Dramatists Play Service Inc. Acting Edition, 1973, p.29.

[36] : (Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector. New York: McGraw Hill, 1981).

[37] , , , . , , 6 .

[38] Phelan, Scandals, p.110.

[39] R. D. Psychopathy: Theory and research. New York: John Wiley, 1970, . 5.

[40] - . , ... 36 -... : " "... , -... , , . [ , , .] . [ ]: " , , ... , . , , , " (Edward Iwata. The Baffling Normalcy of Serial Murders // San Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 1984).

[41] Handel M.I. Intelligence and Deception, Journal of Strategic Studies, 5, 1982, . 136. , (1888-1935) . (. .)

[42] , , , , .

[43] San Francisco Chronicle, January 9, 1982, .1

[44] San Francisco Chronicle, January 21, 1982, p.1.

[45] Hood W. Mole. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982, p.11.

[46] 30 40% , , , , (.: Gruson L.Use of Placebos Being Argued on Ethical Grounds // New York Times, February 13, 1983, p.19).

[47] Horowitz .When Should An Executive Lie? // Industry Week, November 16, 1981, p.81.

[48] Ibid, . 83.

[49] (Walk R. L, Lenley A. The Right to Lie. New York: Peter H. Wyden, Inc., 1970).

[50] Dershowitz A. The Best Defense. New York: Random House, 1982, p.370.

[51] Shakespeare, Sonnet 138 ( ... . .)

[52] Wohlstetter R. Slow Pearl Harbours and the Pleasures of Deception // Intelligence Policy and National Security. Ed. Pfaltzgraff R.L., Uri Raanan & Milberg W. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Press, 1981.

[53] , , : , (Facial Signs: Facts, Fantasies and Possibilities // Sight, Sound and Sense. Ed. Sebeok T. A. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978) .

[54] . Sergent J., Bindra D. Differential Hemispheric Processing of Faces: Methodological Con-ions and Reinterpretation // Psychological Bulletin 89 (1981), p. 554.

[55] , , : ? , , .

[56] , , - , , . .

[57] , . , . , , , .

[58] , , 0' , (Ekman P., Friesen W. V., O'Sullivan M. & Scherer . Relative Importance of Face, Body and Spreech in Judgments of Personality and Affect / / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 1980, p.270-277).

[59] , . , , . .: O'Sullivan M.. Measuring the Ability to Recognize Facial Expressions of Emotion / / Emotion in the Human Face. Ed. P. Ekman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

[60] Horowitz . When Should An Executive Lie? // Industry Week, November 16, 1981, p. 83.

[61] . , . . . . . (. ).

[62] , , , . , -. (Freud S. The psychopathology of everyday life (1901) // The Complete Psychological Works, vol. 6. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976, p.86.)

, - , ( ). (Freud S. Parapraxes (1916). // The Complete Psychological Works, vol. 15. New-York: W. W. Norton, 1976, p. 66.)

[63] Wisman J. The Truth will Out. TV Guide, September 3, 1977, p.13.

[64] , , , . , , , . , , , . , . , . , , , . , ( , ) . , , , - . , . , .: Zuckerman M., DePaulo . ., Rosenthal R.. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication of Deception // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 14. New York: Academic Press, 1981.

[65] . . Scherer . Methods of Research on Vocal Communication: Paradigms and Parameters // Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

[66] .: Ekman P., Friesen W. V., Scherer K. Body Movement and Voice Pitch in Interactions // Semiotica, 16,1976, . 23-27. .

[67] Sirica J. J. To Set the Record Straight. New York: W. W. Norton, 1979, pp.99-100.

[68] Nixon R. The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. Vol. 2. New York: Warner Books, 1979, p.440.

[69] Sirica J. J. To Set the Record Straight., pp.99-100.

[70] Ibid.

[71] Dean J. Blind Ambition. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976, p.304.

[72] Ibid., pp.309-310.

[73] .: Lykken D. . Tremor in the Blood. N6w York: McGraw Hill, 1981, chap. 13; Hollien H. The Case against tress Evaluators and Voice Lie Detection. Unpub. mimeigraph. University of Florida, Gaineslle.

[74] ( ) .: Johnson H. G., Ekman P., Friesen W. V. Communicative Body Movements, American Emblems // Semiotica, 15, 1975, p.335-353. .: Ekman P. Movements with Precise Meanings // Journal of Communication, 26, 1976, p.14-26.

[75] , . , , , .

[76] (Gesture and Environment), 1941 . , (Efron D. Gesture, Race and Cul ture. The Hague: Mouton Press, 1972).

[77] , , - . , - . , , .

[78] , - . . .

[79] .: Ekman P., Friesen W. V. Nonverbal Behavior and Psychopathology // The Psychology of Depression, Contemporary Theory arid Research. Ed. Friedman R. J. and Katz M. N. Washington, D. C.: Winston, 1974.

[80] , , , . , . .: Kraut R. ., D. Behavioral Roots of Person Perception: The Deception I Judgement of Custom Inspectors and Laymen / / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980), pp.784-798.

[81] (. Mandler id and Body, Psychology of Emotion and Stress. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1984).

[82] Ekman P.; Levenson R. W. & Friesen W. F. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguis-tween Emotions // Science. 1983, vol. 221.

[83] Ekman P., Levenson R. W., Friesen W. F. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguishes between Emotions // Science, 1983, vol.221, pp.1208-1210.

[84] , . (. .)

[85] . . : Tsciassny . Eight Syndromes of Facial Paralysis and Their Significance in Locating the Lesion // Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 62 (1953), pp.677-691. , , , , .

[86] : (Ekman P. Darwin and Facial Expression. A Century of Research in Rewiew. New York: Academic Press, 1973). , , .: Ekman P. Face of Man Expression of Universal Emotions in a New Guinea Village. New York: Garland STMP Press. 1980).

[87] Ekman, Face of Man, pp.133-136.

[88] (Ekman P., Friesen W. V. The Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978) , , .

 

[89] ..: Haggard . A., Isaaks . S. Micromomentary Facial Expressions // Methods of Researsh in Psychotherapy. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1966.

[90] , . , , .

[91] (Ekman P., Friesen W. V. Unmasking the Face. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1984) .

[92] , , , . . : Ekman P., Roper G., Hager J. . Deliberate Facial Movement // Child Development, 51,1980, pp.886-891.

[93] , , , , . .

[94] , , . , 1, , , , .

[95] . San Francisco Examiner, June 28, 1983.

[96] Anwar Sadat in his own words // San Francisco Examiner, October 11, 1981.

[97] Weizman E. The Battle for Peace. New York: Bantam, 1981, p.165.

[98] Mead M. Soviet Attitudes toward Authority. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951, pp.65-66. . : Goffman E. Strategic Interaction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969, p.21.

[99] San Francisco Chronicle, January 11, 1982.

[100] Sackiem H., Gur R. ., Saucy M. . Emotions Are Expressed More Intensely on the Left Side of the Face // Science, 202 (1978), p.434.

[101] .: Ekman P., Asymmetry in Facial Expressions.

[102] Ekman P., Hager J. C., Friesen W. V. The Symmetry of Emotional and Deliberate Facial Actions // Psychopathology, 18/2 (1981), pp.101-106.

[103] Hager J. ., Ekman P. Different Asymmetries of Facial Muscular Actions // Psychopathology, in press.

[104] , .

[105] San Francisco Chronicle, June 14, 1982.

[106] .: Ekman P., Hager J. . Long Distance Transmission of Facial Affect Signals // Ethology and Sociobiology 1 (1979), pp.77-82.

[107] Ekman P., Friesen W. V., Ancoli S. Facial Signs of Emotional Experience // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1980, p.1125-1134.

[108] , .

[109] , , , . ( ), , , . . , ; , . , .

[110] , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , .

[111] Hayano D. M. Communicative Competence among Poker Players // Journal of Communication, 30, 1980, p.117.

[112] Ibid.,p. 115.

[113] Heyer R. J. Cognitive Factors in Deception and Counterdeception // Strategic Military Deception. Ed. Daniel D. C. & Herbig K. L. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982, p.59.

[114] , , , .

[115] Mullaney R. The Third WayThe Interroview. Unpubl. mimeograph, 1979.

[116] . . ( ). . . . . . . (. .)

 

[117] .: Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood. New York: McGraw Hill, 1981.

[118] (. Office of Technology Assessment). . .

[119] Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation // A Technical Memorandum. Washington D. C.: U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, -M-H-15, November 1983.

[120] Arther R. . How Many Robbers, Burglars, Sex Criminals Is Your Department Hiring This Year? // Journal of Polygraph Studies, 6 (MayJune 1972), Unpaged.

[121] Lykken D. Polygraphic Interrogation // Nature, Februare 23, 1984, pp.681-684.

[122] . .

[123] , .

[124] : . (Scientific Validity of Polygraf Testing, A Research Rewiew and Evaluation. A Technical Memorandum. Washington D. C.: U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-TM-H-15, November 1983). .: Saxe L., Dougherty D., Cross . The Validity of Polygraf Testing / / American Psychologist, January 1984.

[125] Raskin D. S. The Truth about Lie Detectors / / The Wharton Magazine, Fall 1980, p.29.

[126] Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report, p.31.

[127] Kleinmuntz ., Szucko J. J. On the Fallibility of Lie Detection // Law and Society Review 1982.p.91.

[128] Statement of R. Willard. October 19, 1983, mimeograph.

[129] report, p.29.

[130] . , : ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ). , , , .

[131] Garwood M., Ansley N. The Accuracy and Utility of polygraph testing. Department of 1983,unpaged.

[132] , , , , , , , , .

[133] Raskin D. . The Scientific Basis of Polygraph Techniques and Their Uses in the Judicial Process // Reconstructing the Past: The Role of Psychologists in Criminal Trials. Stockholm: Norstedt and Soners, 1982, p.325.

[134] Lykken D. . A Tremor in the Blood. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981. p.118.

[135] , , - . , , , . . , .

[136] , , : . , , , , .

[137] , .

[138] . , , - , , .

 

[139] Macho (ucn.) , , . (. .)

[140] . .

[141] Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood, p.251.

[142] Raskin. Scientific Basis, p.341.

[143] , 1 . 3200 , 10%. 10% . , 30 - .

[144] report, p.50.

[145] Raskin, Scientific Basis, p.330.

[146] , , , . , , , , , , , .

[147] Ginton A., Daie N., Elaad E., Ben-Shakar G. A Method for Evaluating the Use of the Polygraph in a Real-Life Situation // Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 1982, p.132.

[148] OTA report, p.132.

[149] , . , .

[150] Ginton et al., Method for Evaluating, p.136.

[151] Anderson J. San Francisco Chronicle, May 21, 1984.

[152] . , , , . , . , . , . , EDR . (Timm H.W. Analyzing Deception from Respiration Patterns // Journal of Political Science and Administration 10, 1982, p.47-51; Balloun . D., HolmesD. S. Effects of Repeated Examinations on the Ability to Detect Guilt with a Polygraphic Examination: A Labaratory Experiment with a Real Crime // Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 1979, p.316-322; Bradley .., Janisse M.P. Accuracy Demonstrations, Threat and the Detection of Deception, Cardiovascular, Electrodermal and Pupillary Measures // Psychophysiology, 18, 1981, p.307-314.

[153] report, .102

[154] . 19 1978, .14.

[155] ( report, pp.75-76. , , . , , , , .

[156] , .17.

[157] Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood, chap.15.

[158] Barland G.. A Survey of the Effects of the Polygraph in Screening Utah Job Applicants Preliminary Results // Polygraph, 6, December 1977, p.321.

[159] Ibid.

[160] , .21.

[161] Arther, How Many, unpaged.

[162] Ibid.

[163] Garwood and Ansley. Accuracy and Utility, unpaged.

[164] report, .100.

[165] Rapoprt D. To Tell the Truth // The Washingtinian, February 1984, p.80.

[166] Willard, ibid., p.36.

[167] Lykken. Polygraphic Interrogation.

[168] , , ; , 90%, .

[169] report, .109-110.

[170] report, p.99.

[171] , .17.

[172] Ginton et al., Method for Evaluating. .: Podlesny J. A., Raskin D. C. Effectiveness of Techniques and Physiological Measures in the Detection of Deception // Psychophysiology, 15, 1978, pp. 344-359; Horvath F. S. Verbal and Nonverbal Clues to Truth and Deception During Polygraph Examinations // Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1, 1973 pp.138-152.

[173] Raskin D. ., Kircher J. . Accuracy of Diagnosing Truth and Deception from Behavioral Observation and Polygraph Recordings, in preparation.

[174] RothenbergR. Bagging the Big Shot // San Francisco Chronicle, Januarys, 1983, pp.12-15.

[175] Ibid.

[176] Ibid.

[177] Hankiss A. Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction // Journal of Communication, 3, 1980, pp.104-112.

[178] Daniel D. ., Herbig . L. Propositions on Military Deception // Strategic Military Deception. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982, p.17.

[179] (. 6 , Scandals, Scamps and Scoundrels. New York: Random House, 1982, p.17). , , , , , .

[180] , . , .

[181] , 1948 1971 , , 1981 , . , ! (Wanted! Performance Standards for Interrogation and Interview // The Police Chief, June 1977, pp.77-80).

[182]Mya , , . . , , .

[183] Groth A. On the Intelligence Aspects of Personal Diplomacy // Orbis, 7, 1964, .848.

[184] Jervis R. The Logic of Images in International relations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970, pp.67-78.

[185] Kissinger H. Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982, pp.214, 485.

[186] . Jervis, Logic, pp.69-70.

[187] Ibid., pp.67-68.

[188] Handel M. I. Intelligence and Deception // Journal of Strategic Studies, 5, 1982, pp.123-153.

[189] - . (. .)

[190] Whaley . Covert Rearmament in Germany, 1919-1939: Deception and Mismanagement // Journal of Strategic Studies, 5, 1982, pp.26-27.

[191] Handel. Intelligence, p.129.

[192] : Taylor . Munich. New York: Vintage, 1980. , .

[193] .

[194] . : Groth, Intellegence Aspects.

[195] Taylor . Munich. New York: Vintage, 1980, p.752.

[196] Ibid., p.821.

[197] , , , [ ] ... , , ... , (Taylor, p.752).

[198] , , : ... ( ) , , , (Groth, Intelligence Aspects, p.848).

[199] Ibid., p.552.

[200] Ibid., p.629.

[201] . , .

[202] Allison G. . Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972, p.193.

[203] Schlesinger A. M. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. New York: Fawcet Premier Books, 1965, p.734.

[204] Sorensen . . Kennedy. New York: Harper and Row, 1965, p.673.

[205] Kennedy R. E. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971, p.5.

[206] Hilsman R. To Move a Nation. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1967, p.98.

[207] Detzer D. The Brink. New York: Bantam Books, 1966, p.63.

[208] Sorensen, Kennedy, p.690.

[209] . , , (Abel E. The Missile Crisis York: Bantam Books, 1966, p.63) , , , .

[210] Detzer, Brink, .142.

[211] Kennedy R. F. Thirteen Days, p.18.

[212] Abel E. The Missile Crisis. New York: Bantam Books, 1966, p.63.

[213] Sorensen. Kennedy, p.690.

[214] Abel. Missile, p.63.

[215] Detzer.Brink, p.143.

[216] Kennedy. Thirteen Days, p.20.

[217] Detzer. Brink, p.143.

[218] Ibid., p.144.

[219] . , , . , , ? " ! . , . ". " , . . ". . - , , , , , (Kalb . G. The Dobrynin Factor // New Times Magazine, May 13, 1984, p.63).

[220] Pig's Bay - ( ). Bahia de Cochinos (ucn.) . ( 1961). (. .)

[221] Allison. Essence, p.135.

[222] Abel. Missile, p.64.

[223] Allison. Essence, p.134.

[224] ; . (. .)

[225] Daniel, Herbig. Propositions, p.13.

[226] , . , , (The Mainsprings of Soviet Secrecy // Orbis, 1964, p.719-747). , , , . , ( ) , . , , , , (Hingley. The Russian Mind. New York, Scribners, 1977, p.74). , , (Sweetser E. The Definition of a Lie // Cultural Models in Language and Thought, ed. Quinn N. and Holland D. In press.) , ; .

[227] Golghamer H., . : Daniel, Herbig. Propositions.

[228] Whaley ., . : Daniel, Herbig. Propositions.

[229] O'Sullivan . Measuring the Ability to Recognize Facial Expressions of Emotion // Emot in the Human Face. Ed. P. Ekman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

[230] Groth. Ore Intelligence Aspects, p.847.

[231] Jervis. Logic, p.33.

[232] Churchill W. The Hinge of fate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950, pp. 481, 493.

[233] . , : , , . : " , !" " " . , , . (Carter J. Keeping the Faith // New York, Bantam Books, 1982, p.248).

[234] Broad L. The War that Churchill Waged. London: Hutchison and Company, 1960, p.356.

[235] Ibid., p.358.

[236] Djilas M. Conversations with Stalin. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1962, p. 73.

[237] , , , , . , , .

[238] 0' - , .

[239] Ekman P., O'Sulliavan M. Who can Catch a Liar // American Psychologist, September 1991

[240] , , , , , , , , , , , . . .

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