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[3] 28 1938. Chamberlain N. In Search of Peace. New York: Putnam and Sons, 1939, p.210. . . .
[4] 60- , , (Darwin and Facial Expression. New York: Academic Press, 1973).
[5] , : (Ekman P., Friesen W. V. Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception. Psychiatry, 32 1969, p.88-105).
[6] lie catcher (. ). , ( , ), , , , . (. .)
[7] 1974 . , . , , , (. .)
[8] 1979 . (. .)
[9] Wohlstetter R. Slow Pearl Harbors and the Pleasures of Deception // Intelligence Policy and National Security. Ed. R. L. Pfaltzgraff, Uri Ra'anan and W. Milberg. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1981, pp.23-34.
[10] , , 1918 . (. ,)
[11] San Francisco Chronicle, October 28, 1982, .12.
[12] . , - , : , , , . . , . . , , . , , . (Powell J. The Other Side of the Story. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1984.)
[13] The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971, p.1616).
[14] , 1972 ( - ), (, . .) . . 1974 . (. .)
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[15] . , , ( ). , . . , - , , . , , , , . , - (. Sd P.F. Facial Features and Inference Processes in Interpersonal Perception // Personal perception and Interpersonal Behavior. Ed. Taguiri R. and Petrullo L. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958; . Ekman P.Facial Sings: Facts, Fantasies Possibilities // Sight, Sound and Sense. Ed.Sebeok T.A. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978).
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[18] . , (Intelligence and Deception // Journal of Strategic Studies 5, March 1982, pp.122-154) . . : Mack Smith D. Mussolinis Roman Empire, p.197.
[19] , , , , , , . , , : ... - , - ( : The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books, 1959, p.59, 64).
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[21] , , , , . , , , , . (Bok S. Secrets. New York: Pantheon, 1982, p.XV.)
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[26] , : ... , ... , . ... , , (Hayano D. Poker Lies and Tells // Human Behavior, March 1979, p.20).
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[27] Bullock A. Hitler. New York: Harper & Row, 1964, rev. ed., p.528. . Jervis R. The Logic of Images in International Relations. Princeton, University Press, 1970.
[28] Daley R. The Prince of the City. New York: Berkley Books, 1981, p.101.
[29] Updike. Marry Me, p.90.
[30] Carrol J. Everyday Hypocrisy A User Guide. San Francisco Chronicle, April 11, 1983, p.17.
[31] Updike. Marry Me, p.90.
[32] Sirica J.J. To Set the Record Stright. New York: New American Library, 1980, p.142.
[33] Phelan J. Scandals, Scamps and Scoundrels. New York: Random House, 1982, p.22.
[34] , , 1911 , . 1934 , . 50- , . ; . . (. .).
[35] Rattigan T. The Winslow Boy. New York: Dramatists Play Service Inc. Acting Edition, 1973, p.29.
[36] : (Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector. New York: McGraw Hill, 1981).
[37] , , , . , , 6 .
[38] Phelan, Scandals, p.110.
[39] R. D. Psychopathy: Theory and research. New York: John Wiley, 1970, . 5.
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[41] Handel M.I. Intelligence and Deception, Journal of Strategic Studies, 5, 1982, . 136. , (1888-1935) . (. .)
[42] , , , , .
[43] San Francisco Chronicle, January 9, 1982, .1
[44] San Francisco Chronicle, January 21, 1982, p.1.
[45] Hood W. Mole. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982, p.11.
[46] 30 40% , , , , (.: Gruson L.Use of Placebos Being Argued on Ethical Grounds // New York Times, February 13, 1983, p.19).
[47] Horowitz .When Should An Executive Lie? // Industry Week, November 16, 1981, p.81.
[48] Ibid, . 83.
[49] (Walk R. L, Lenley A. The Right to Lie. New York: Peter H. Wyden, Inc., 1970).
[50] Dershowitz A. The Best Defense. New York: Random House, 1982, p.370.
[51] Shakespeare, Sonnet 138 ( ... . .)
[52] Wohlstetter R. Slow Pearl Harbours and the Pleasures of Deception // Intelligence Policy and National Security. Ed. Pfaltzgraff R.L., Uri Raanan & Milberg W. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Press, 1981.
[53] , , : , (Facial Signs: Facts, Fantasies and Possibilities // Sight, Sound and Sense. Ed. Sebeok T. A. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978) .
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[60] Horowitz . When Should An Executive Lie? // Industry Week, November 16, 1981, p. 83.
[61] . , . . . . . (. ).
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[63] Wisman J. The Truth will Out. TV Guide, September 3, 1977, p.13.
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[67] Sirica J. J. To Set the Record Straight. New York: W. W. Norton, 1979, pp.99-100.
[68] Nixon R. The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. Vol. 2. New York: Warner Books, 1979, p.440.
[69] Sirica J. J. To Set the Record Straight., pp.99-100.
[70] Ibid.
[71] Dean J. Blind Ambition. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976, p.304.
[72] Ibid., pp.309-310.
[73] .: Lykken D. . Tremor in the Blood. N6w York: McGraw Hill, 1981, chap. 13; Hollien H. The Case against tress Evaluators and Voice Lie Detection. Unpub. mimeigraph. University of Florida, Gaineslle.
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[75] , . , , , .
[76] (Gesture and Environment), 1941 . , (Efron D. Gesture, Race and Cul ture. The Hague: Mouton Press, 1972).
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[83] Ekman P., Levenson R. W., Friesen W. F. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguishes between Emotions // Science, 1983, vol.221, pp.1208-1210.
[84] , . (. .)
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[92] , , , . . : Ekman P., Roper G., Hager J. . Deliberate Facial Movement // Child Development, 51,1980, pp.886-891.
[93] , , , , . .
[94] , , . , 1, , , , .
[95] . San Francisco Examiner, June 28, 1983.
[96] Anwar Sadat in his own words // San Francisco Examiner, October 11, 1981.
[97] Weizman E. The Battle for Peace. New York: Bantam, 1981, p.165.
[98] Mead M. Soviet Attitudes toward Authority. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951, pp.65-66. . : Goffman E. Strategic Interaction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969, p.21.
[99] San Francisco Chronicle, January 11, 1982.
[100] Sackiem H., Gur R. ., Saucy M. . Emotions Are Expressed More Intensely on the Left Side of the Face // Science, 202 (1978), p.434.
[101] .: Ekman P., Asymmetry in Facial Expressions.
[102] Ekman P., Hager J. C., Friesen W. V. The Symmetry of Emotional and Deliberate Facial Actions // Psychopathology, 18/2 (1981), pp.101-106.
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[104] , .
[105] San Francisco Chronicle, June 14, 1982.
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[107] Ekman P., Friesen W. V., Ancoli S. Facial Signs of Emotional Experience // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1980, p.1125-1134.
[108] , .
[109] , , , . ( ), , , . . , ; , . , .
[110] , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , .
[111] Hayano D. M. Communicative Competence among Poker Players // Journal of Communication, 30, 1980, p.117.
[112] Ibid.,p. 115.
[113] Heyer R. J. Cognitive Factors in Deception and Counterdeception // Strategic Military Deception. Ed. Daniel D. C. & Herbig K. L. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982, p.59.
[114] , , , .
[115] Mullaney R. The Third WayThe Interroview. Unpubl. mimeograph, 1979.
[116] . . ( ). . . . . . . (. .)
[117] .: Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood. New York: McGraw Hill, 1981.
[118] (. Office of Technology Assessment). . .
[119] Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation // A Technical Memorandum. Washington D. C.: U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, -M-H-15, November 1983.
[120] Arther R. . How Many Robbers, Burglars, Sex Criminals Is Your Department Hiring This Year? // Journal of Polygraph Studies, 6 (MayJune 1972), Unpaged.
[121] Lykken D. Polygraphic Interrogation // Nature, Februare 23, 1984, pp.681-684.
[122] . .
[123] , .
[124] : . (Scientific Validity of Polygraf Testing, A Research Rewiew and Evaluation. A Technical Memorandum. Washington D. C.: U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-TM-H-15, November 1983). .: Saxe L., Dougherty D., Cross . The Validity of Polygraf Testing / / American Psychologist, January 1984.
[125] Raskin D. S. The Truth about Lie Detectors / / The Wharton Magazine, Fall 1980, p.29.
[126] Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report, p.31.
[127] Kleinmuntz ., Szucko J. J. On the Fallibility of Lie Detection // Law and Society Review 1982.p.91.
[128] Statement of R. Willard. October 19, 1983, mimeograph.
[129] report, p.29.
[130] . , : ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ). , , , .
[131] Garwood M., Ansley N. The Accuracy and Utility of polygraph testing. Department of 1983,unpaged.
[132] , , , , , , , , .
[133] Raskin D. . The Scientific Basis of Polygraph Techniques and Their Uses in the Judicial Process // Reconstructing the Past: The Role of Psychologists in Criminal Trials. Stockholm: Norstedt and Soners, 1982, p.325.
[134] Lykken D. . A Tremor in the Blood. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981. p.118.
[135] , , - . , , , . . , .
[136] , , : . , , , , .
[137] , .
[138] . , , - , , .
[139] Macho (ucn.) , , . (. .)
[140] . .
[141] Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood, p.251.
[142] Raskin. Scientific Basis, p.341.
[143] , 1 . 3200 , 10%. 10% . , 30 - .
[144] report, p.50.
[145] Raskin, Scientific Basis, p.330.
[146] , , , . , , , , , , , .
[147] Ginton A., Daie N., Elaad E., Ben-Shakar G. A Method for Evaluating the Use of the Polygraph in a Real-Life Situation // Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 1982, p.132.
[148] OTA report, p.132.
[149] , . , .
[150] Ginton et al., Method for Evaluating, p.136.
[151] Anderson J. San Francisco Chronicle, May 21, 1984.
[152] . , , , . , . , . , . , EDR . (Timm H.W. Analyzing Deception from Respiration Patterns // Journal of Political Science and Administration 10, 1982, p.47-51; Balloun . D., HolmesD. S. Effects of Repeated Examinations on the Ability to Detect Guilt with a Polygraphic Examination: A Labaratory Experiment with a Real Crime // Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 1979, p.316-322; Bradley .., Janisse M.P. Accuracy Demonstrations, Threat and the Detection of Deception, Cardiovascular, Electrodermal and Pupillary Measures // Psychophysiology, 18, 1981, p.307-314.
[153] report, .102
[154] . 19 1978, .14.
[155] ( report, pp.75-76. , , . , , , , .
[156] , .17.
[157] Lykken D. A Tremor in the Blood, chap.15.
[158] Barland G.. A Survey of the Effects of the Polygraph in Screening Utah Job Applicants Preliminary Results // Polygraph, 6, December 1977, p.321.
[159] Ibid.
[160] , .21.
[161] Arther, How Many, unpaged.
[162] Ibid.
[163] Garwood and Ansley. Accuracy and Utility, unpaged.
[164] report, .100.
[165] Rapoprt D. To Tell the Truth // The Washingtinian, February 1984, p.80.
[166] Willard, ibid., p.36.
[167] Lykken. Polygraphic Interrogation.
[168] , , ; , 90%, .
[169] report, .109-110.
[170] report, p.99.
[171] , .17.
[172] Ginton et al., Method for Evaluating. .: Podlesny J. A., Raskin D. C. Effectiveness of Techniques and Physiological Measures in the Detection of Deception // Psychophysiology, 15, 1978, pp. 344-359; Horvath F. S. Verbal and Nonverbal Clues to Truth and Deception During Polygraph Examinations // Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1, 1973 pp.138-152.
[173] Raskin D. ., Kircher J. . Accuracy of Diagnosing Truth and Deception from Behavioral Observation and Polygraph Recordings, in preparation.
[174] RothenbergR. Bagging the Big Shot // San Francisco Chronicle, Januarys, 1983, pp.12-15.
[175] Ibid.
[176] Ibid.
[177] Hankiss A. Games Con Men Play: The Semiosis of Deceptive Interaction // Journal of Communication, 3, 1980, pp.104-112.
[178] Daniel D. ., Herbig . L. Propositions on Military Deception // Strategic Military Deception. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982, p.17.
[179] (. 6 , Scandals, Scamps and Scoundrels. New York: Random House, 1982, p.17). , , , , , .
[180] , . , .
[181] , 1948 1971 , , 1981 , . , ! (Wanted! Performance Standards for Interrogation and Interview // The Police Chief, June 1977, pp.77-80).
[182]Mya , , . . , , .
[183] Groth A. On the Intelligence Aspects of Personal Diplomacy // Orbis, 7, 1964, .848.
[184] Jervis R. The Logic of Images in International relations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970, pp.67-78.
[185] Kissinger H. Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982, pp.214, 485.
[186] . Jervis, Logic, pp.69-70.
[187] Ibid., pp.67-68.
[188] Handel M. I. Intelligence and Deception // Journal of Strategic Studies, 5, 1982, pp.123-153.
[189] - . (. .)
[190] Whaley . Covert Rearmament in Germany, 1919-1939: Deception and Mismanagement // Journal of Strategic Studies, 5, 1982, pp.26-27.
[191] Handel. Intelligence, p.129.
[192] : Taylor . Munich. New York: Vintage, 1980. , .
[193] .
[194] . : Groth, Intellegence Aspects.
[195] Taylor . Munich. New York: Vintage, 1980, p.752.
[196] Ibid., p.821.
[197] , , , [ ] ... , , ... , (Taylor, p.752).
[198] , , : ... ( ) , , , (Groth, Intelligence Aspects, p.848).
[199] Ibid., p.552.
[200] Ibid., p.629.
[201] . , .
[202] Allison G. . Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972, p.193.
[203] Schlesinger A. M. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. New York: Fawcet Premier Books, 1965, p.734.
[204] Sorensen . . Kennedy. New York: Harper and Row, 1965, p.673.
[205] Kennedy R. E. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971, p.5.
[206] Hilsman R. To Move a Nation. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1967, p.98.
[207] Detzer D. The Brink. New York: Bantam Books, 1966, p.63.
[208] Sorensen, Kennedy, p.690.
[209] . , , (Abel E. The Missile Crisis York: Bantam Books, 1966, p.63) , , , .
[210] Detzer, Brink, .142.
[211] Kennedy R. F. Thirteen Days, p.18.
[212] Abel E. The Missile Crisis. New York: Bantam Books, 1966, p.63.
[213] Sorensen. Kennedy, p.690.
[214] Abel. Missile, p.63.
[215] Detzer.Brink, p.143.
[216] Kennedy. Thirteen Days, p.20.
[217] Detzer. Brink, p.143.
[218] Ibid., p.144.
[219] . , , . , , ? " ! . , . ". " , . . ". . - , , , , , (Kalb . G. The Dobrynin Factor // New Times Magazine, May 13, 1984, p.63).
[220] Pig's Bay - ( ). Bahia de Cochinos (ucn.) . ( 1961). (. .)
[221] Allison. Essence, p.135.
[222] Abel. Missile, p.64.
[223] Allison. Essence, p.134.
[224] ; . (. .)
[225] Daniel, Herbig. Propositions, p.13.
[226] , . , , (The Mainsprings of Soviet Secrecy // Orbis, 1964, p.719-747). , , , . , ( ) , . , , , , (Hingley. The Russian Mind. New York, Scribners, 1977, p.74). , , (Sweetser E. The Definition of a Lie // Cultural Models in Language and Thought, ed. Quinn N. and Holland D. In press.) , ; .
[227] Golghamer H., . : Daniel, Herbig. Propositions.
[228] Whaley ., . : Daniel, Herbig. Propositions.
[229] O'Sullivan . Measuring the Ability to Recognize Facial Expressions of Emotion // Emot in the Human Face. Ed. P. Ekman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
[230] Groth. Ore Intelligence Aspects, p.847.
[231] Jervis. Logic, p.33.
[232] Churchill W. The Hinge of fate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950, pp. 481, 493.
[233] . , : , , . : " , !" " " . , , . (Carter J. Keeping the Faith // New York, Bantam Books, 1982, p.248).
[234] Broad L. The War that Churchill Waged. London: Hutchison and Company, 1960, p.356.
[235] Ibid., p.358.
[236] Djilas M. Conversations with Stalin. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1962, p. 73.
[237] , , , , . , , .
[238] 0' - , .
[239] Ekman P., O'Sulliavan M. Who can Catch a Liar // American Psychologist, September 1991
[240] , , , , , , , , , , , . . .