.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

2 0 0 8

 

.....................................................................................................................4

...........................................................................4

.................................................................................5

.......................................................6

.................................................................6

.......................................................................................6

. 1- .........................................................7

. 2- ......................................9

.............................................11

................................................11

.2. ......................14

......................................................................................14

() ........................................................15

...................................................................................21

....................................................................................23

.............................................................................25

.................................................................................................27

. ........................................................28

........................................................................................30

.....................................................................................30

..................................................................32

.........................................................32

..........................37

() .........37

........39

.........................41

.............................................................................................................................42

.............................................................................45

................................48

R, L C.......................................................................................................................52

R, L ..................................................................................................................................54

..................55

10. () ().................................................................58

......................60

.4. ...................................................................62

.......................................................................................62

..........................................................................................63

......................................................................................................67

.................................................................................68

.5. ....................................................71

...............................................................................................71

......................73

.......................................75

( ) ...................................................77

.6. .....................................................................................................................78

......................................78

2. ..........................................................................................................80

..............................................................................................................................81

.6. ...........................83

.................................................................83

...........................................85

.....................................................87

..........................................................88

.7. .........................................................89

..............................................................................................89

...............................92

.......................................95

...................................................................99

..................................101

..........................................................................105

...................107

..............................................................................110

.............................................................................112

.....................................................115

 

. , . , . . - , , . .

() , . , -, . , , , , , , , , ( ), , -, . .

, , , . . . , - . , .

I . () .

1747 1753 . . , , , , , . .

1785 . .

1800 . .

1820 . . .

1831 . .

1873 . , .

1889 . .

1891 . - .

1912 . .

1800 1880 . .

1880 1915 . .

1900 1915 .

.

 

1. .., .. . .1.

.:,1981.-536.

2. .., .. . .2.-.:,1981.-416.

3. . 1. . ... .: ,1976.-544.

4. .2. . ... .: ,1976.-383.

5. .. . . .1.-.: ,1994.-560.

6. .. . . .2.-.: ,1995.-263.

7. .., .., .., .. .-. ,1989.-528.

8. . . ....-.:,1982.-768.

9. .., .. . . -.: ,1980.-570.

 

 





:


: 2016-11-12; !; : 364 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1515 - | 1287 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.018 .