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English Grammar for University Students
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Th textbook has been writer according to the course programme. The purpose of the textbook is studing the principal English grammar rules being characteristic both for conversational and professional language.
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English Grammar for University Students
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| , 2008 | |
| ISBN | , 2008 |
充...4
1
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to be, to have Present, Past, Future Simple (Indefinite) Tenses
there is (are) Present, Past, Future Simple (Indefinite) Tenses
2
텅32
Simple (Indefinite)32
Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense...32
Past Simple (Indefinite) Tense39
Future Simple (Indefinite) Tense45
.47
Continuous (Progressive)...53
Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense.53
Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense..64
Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense..69
Perfect75
Present Perfect Tense..75
Past Perfect Tense84
Future Perfect Tense89
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Perfect Continuous (Progressive)...93
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense93
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense100
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense106
Revision.109
3
(Passive Voice).113
Simple (Indefinite) 充113
Continuous (Progressive) 充120
Perfect 充..123
Revision.126
4
.132
5
. . 159
6
......173
. 173
酅..186
ⅅ...196
...203
(Complex Object).207
(Complex Subject)..217
7
..223
.237
..281
. . . , , ; , .
, , . , . , , .
.
(the Verb)
General Characteristics of the Verb System in Modern English
(the Verb) , .
(), .
(the Notional Verb) .
Many people study languages now.
We had a good rest in Sochi.
(the SemiAuxiliary Verb) . . (Modal Verbs) - (Link Verbs).
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You can't buy health and happiness. You must be punctual.
She looks happy today.
The weather usually gets better in May.
(the Auxiliary Verb) () . to be (am, are, is, was, were), to do (do, does, did), to have, shall, will, should, would.
Now I am learning Spanish.
We are listening to you.
She was reading when we came.
When shall I see you again?
Will you marry me, my darling?
She has taught me English for ten years.
He was sure he would win.
. to have, to do, to be , .
has a big family. ( )
I had to give up smoking. ( , , )
I have come to see you. ( , )
to be:
I am here. ( )
I am to be there at ten o'clock. ( )
You are being unbearable today! ( )
(Basic Forms).
| Infinitive (- ) | Past Simple ( ) | Past Participle ( ) | Present Participle ( ) |
| I | II | IV | |
| to do | did | done | doing |
| to hear | heard | heard | hearing |
| to feel | felt | felt | feeling |
| to work | worked | worked | working |
| to take | took | taken | taking |
(Past Simple) (the Past Participle) : .
(Regular Verbs) - ed .
enjoy - enjoyed - enjoyed
live - lived - lived
play - played - played
stop - stopped - stopped
(Irregular Verbs), , ( ).
be - was/were - been
catch - caught - caught
come - came - come
.
(the Finite Form) , : , , , , .
(Number): (singular) (plural,) (Person): (the 1st), (the 2nd) (the 3d).
-(e)s. 3- .
| I II III | I learn, work you learn, work he/she learns, works it moves, works | we learn, work you learn, work they learn, work |
(Aspect): . , , , . :
| She is singing at the moment. They have been dating for a year. | She sings perfectly. They date from time to time. |
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(Tense) - , : , (I live, I lived, and I shall live).
(Voice) - , (), .
: () ().
(Active Voice), . , (Passive Voice) , , .
They often invite me to their parties. - I am often invited to their parties.
John Baird invented television in 1926. - Television was invented by John Baird in 1926.
(Mood) - , . ( Indicative Mood), , , , ( Imperative Mood) , , ( Subjunctive Mood). , , , (Modal Words):maybe, perhaps, probably, evidently ..; (Modal Verbs):can, may, must, have to, should, ought to .; (Moods).
She studies at the university. ( )
Help me, please! ( )
If he could, he would do it. ( )
(the Non-Finite Forms of the Verb) (Infinitive), (Gerund) (Participle). , , , . ( ), , , , , , .
To travel means to broaden your mind. ()
My task is to help you. ( )
My mind began working at once. ( )
I have many things to do today. ()
I want to speak to you right now. ()
Feeling tired, he decided to go to bed. ( )
She left without saying a word. ( )
I work hard to pass all exams successfully. ( )
The verb to be
to be
to be . , , , to be Present Indefinite : They are students. .
(Present Indefinite) to be : am, is, are.
| . . | . . | |
| I | I am | we are |
| II | you are | you are |
| III | he, she, it is | they are |
not to be, to be .
I am not
you are not
 he
she is not
it
we are not
you are not
they are not
| Am I...?
Are you...?
 he...?
Is she...?
it...?
Are we...?
Are you...?
Are they...?
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:
He is a student. - .
Are you a first-year student? ?
I am not at home now. .
: Im (Im not), hes (he isnt), theyre (they arent)
to be , .. to be .
Is he a good student? ? - Yes, he is. . / No, he is not. .
Who is at home now? ? - My friend is. .
(Past Indefinite) to be : was were , you ().
| I was he was she was it was | we were you were they were |
He was very busy last week. .
The students were at the lecture yesterday. .
to be, a .
They were not at home last night. .
: was not=wasnt, were not=werent
Were you at the university yesterday? ( ) ? - Yes, I was. . / No, I was not. .
(Future Indefinite) to be will ( shall 1 ).
to :
| I will/shall be you will be he will be she will be it will be | we will/shall be you will be they will be |
He will be an engineer. = Hell be an engineer.
.
not :
will not be at home tonight. .
: will not = wont; shall not = shant
, to be :
Will you be an engineer? ? Yes, I will. . / No. I will not (wont). .
1. :
Is he at the university now? ?
Are they busy now? ?
2. :
What is he? ( )?
Where are your friends now? ?
3. :
What is this? ?
Who is absent from the lesson today? ?
4. :
Are you a full-time or a part-time student?
?
5. :
She is a housewife, isnt she? , ?
They arent from Germany, are they? , ?
6. :
Isnt she your friend? ?
Arent you from Russia? ?
! to be :
to be present (at)
to be absent (from)
to be late (for) -
to be ill -
to be busy (with)
to be free
to be ready (for)
to be glad
to be tired
to be sorry (for) ,
to be married /
to be single /
to be hungry
to be thirsty
to be fond of -
to be interested in -
to be good at ,
to be in a hurry ,
to be proud (of)
to be sure
to be angry (at) -
to be surprised
to be afraid (of) -
to be upset
to be responsible for
. , always, often, seldom, never ., to be, : She is often late for the lessons. .
Exercises
1. , to be. .
1. (to be) always late for the lessons. Yesterday he (to be) late again.
2. (to be) the students ready for the lesson? No, they (not to be), but they (to be) ready tomorrow.
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3. Don't worry! I (to be/not) afraid of them.
4. We (to be) very proud of our results.
5. My elder brother (to be) good at_computers when he (to be) just 14 years old.
6. What (to be) you fond of? When I (to be) a schoolboy, I (to be) fond of sport. And now my friends and I (to be) fond of computer games.
7. (to be) this student interested in history?
8. My mother (to be) always angry with me, when I (to be) late for dinner.
9. Tomorrow I (not to be) late for dinner, so I hope my mother (to be) very glad.
10. All of us (to be) sorry for his wife.
11. My group mates (to be) busy with their English now.
12. Where (to be) you at 3 o'clock tomorrow afternoon? I (not to be) sure. Probably I (to be) at home.
2. .
1. My brother is twelve years old. 2. The Mississippi river is in America. 3. Our friends are in England now. 4. This student was absent at the English lesson. 5. She will be at the university at 11 a.m. 6. My parents were at the theatre yesterday evening. 7. Her relatives are in Murmansk now. 8. Twenty students were present at the lecture yesterday.
3. , to be .
1. - . .
2. .
3. .
4. - . .
5. ? - . .
6. ? - , .
7. , ?
8. ?
9. (lonely) .
10. (to be difficult about money).
11. , .
12., , : .
13., : .
14. .
The verb to have
to have
, , : I have a friend. . to have Present Indefinite , : Russian students have vacations twice a year. .
(Present Indefinite) to have : have has.
| I have you have he has she has it has | we have you have they have |
to have to do, , do. .
Have you any English books at home? - Yes, I have. / No, I have not.
Do you have any English books at home? - Yes, I do. / No, I do not (dont).
? . / .
I have no free time now.
She does not have any free time now.
.
: have not = havent; has not = hasnt
(Past Indefinite) to have had.
I had a very good day yesterday. .
to have did, . :
Had they a lecture yesterday? Yes, they had. / No, they had not (hadnt).
Did they have a lecture yesterday? Yes, they did. / No, they did not (didnt).
? ./ .
(Future Indefinite) to have will ( shall 1 ).
to :
| 1 will/shall have you will have he will have she will have it will have | we will/shall have you will have they will have |
not :
I shall not have any lectures tomorrow. .
, to have :
Will you have a meeting tomorrow? - ?
Yes, we shall. - . / No, we shall not. - .
. to have , :
- to have breakfast(lunch, dinner, supper, tea);
- to have a snack(a talk, a bath, a walk);
- to have a good time(a rest, a journey, a holiday, a day off, fun);
- to have a look(a smoke, a date, an appointment)
have got/has got ( ).
I have got a family. He has got a car.
:
I havent got any books. = I dont have any books.
She hasnt got any friends. = She doesnt have any friends.
Have you got any books? = Do you have any books?
Has she got any friends? = Does she have any friends?
Who has got my textbook? = Who has my textbook?
some, any, no ( , , -, ). , some , any , no . some , ( ), any - , .
He has got some English textbooks. - He hasnt got any English textbooks. - Has he got any English textbooks? He has no English textbooks.
Would you like some coffee? You can have any book you like.
Exercises
1. to have to be.
: 1. I ___ in a hurry. I ___ much time. Im in a hurry. I dont have much time (or: I havent got much time).
1. How many brothers and sisters ___ you ___?
2. The university ___ far from my house. It takes me only 10 minutes to get there.
3. This boy is an orphan. He ___ any parents.
4. ___ you ___ an aspirin? I ___ a terrible headache.
5. How old ___ your friend?
6. My parents ___ very proud of me: I ___ the best results in the group.
7. Our son ___ happy: he ___ a dog at last!
8. How ___ your test? ___ you ___ many mistakes?
9. This man ___ very rich: he ___ ten old expensive cars.
10. Sorry, the dean ___ very busy: he ___ any time to speak with you.
2. have (has) have got (has got). .
1. I usually... breakfast at home, but I... dinner at the office. 2. I... a problem with my car. 3. We... some time right now. Lets... a talk. 4. He... two small children. 5. She... a high temperature. She... a cold. 6. I... a new swimming-pool, so I... a swim every day. 7. He... an appointment at 3 p.m. 8. Im going to... a shower. 9. Every Sunday he... a walk in the park. 10. They... big families. 11. We usually... a good time at our cottage house. 12. Hed like to... a look at the e-mail.
3. some, any no.
1. Give me the book, please: Ive got... time to study it. 2. Have you got... questions? No, we havent got... 3. Could you give me... money? 4.... people dont like to dance. 5. Please, take... pen you like. 6. Sorry, I have... time to discuss it now. 7. Do you study... foreign languages? 8. This question isnt so difficult. I think,... student can answer it easily. 9. Would you like... juice?
4. , to have (have got) have.
1. . 2. ? . 3. . 4. , ? , . 5. . . 6. . 7. ? . 8. , . 9. . . 10. . ? , .
5. , to be, to have. a/an : I have a sister. / She is a teacher.
. , , . . 40 . . , . . 11 , . , . , . . 64 , .
, . , .
there + to be
there + to be - , , .
to be , :
There is a newspaper on the table.
(, , ) .
There are many interesting articles in it.
.
There was a meeting at the Institute last week.
.
There will be a meeting at the Institute next week.
.
. , , . there .
There are many branches of industry. .
, : .. ; .. some, any, no, many, much; to be :
There is an English book on the shelf. .
There are some (many) students in the classroom.
() .
There is much snow on the street. .
there + to be no not any:
There are no books on the table. = There are not any books on the table.
not :
There are not many students in this group.
.
There isnt much time left. .
: Is there a book on the table? - Yes, there is.
Are there any letters in the box? No, there
arent any.
: How many articles are there in the magazine?
: There are ten students in the lab, arent there?
to be there, (Future Indefinite) will. :
Is (was) there a library in your school?
() ? -
Yes, there is (was). . / No, there is (was) not. .
Will there be a meeting at the institute tomorrow?
?
Yes, there will. . / No, there will not. .
there + to be , :
There is a book and five pens on the table. .
There were five students and a teacher in the classroom. .
Exercises
1. .
1. is, street, much, on, today, there, snow, the
2. any, in, there, classroom, students, the, arent
3. there, bottle, is, in, much, the, milk?
4. many, were, the, letters, there, box, how, in?
5. a, will, conference, there, lot, at, be, information, of, the, useful
2. there is/are :
1. There... twelve chairs and a table in the room. 2. There... much milk in the fridge. 3.... there much or little money in the purse? 4. There... so little hair on his head that he looked much older. 5. There... not any cheese for breakfast today. 6. There... a lot of people at the theatre last night. 7. How many pages... there in your book? 8. The room seemed empty: there... hardly any furniture. 9. There... no means of achieving your aim. 10. There... little I could do to help her. 11. There... many questions at exam tomorrow.
3. : , ( ):
1. There are few mistakes in my dictation. (How many?) 2. There will be three lectures tomorrow. (How many?) 3. There were two daughters in their family. (Were?) 4. There will be many specialists at the conference. (Who?) 5. There are some important papers on his table. (What kind of?) 6. There was much noise in our neighbours room yesterday. (When?)
4. , there is/are, much, many, some, any, no :
1. ? 2. . 3. - ? 4. . 5. ? 6. ? 7. , ? 8. . 9. , . 10. . 11. ? 12. - ? , .
Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
, : (the Positive Degree), (the Comparative Degree) (the Superlative Degree).
1. , ( -, -er, -ow, -le; ) -. -est. , , : long longer the longest (way), cold colder the coldest (winter), busy busier the busiest (clerk), clever cleverer the cleverest (student), simple - simpler the simplest (answer), quiet quieter the quietest (evening)
:
) -,
:
late later the latest
)
,
:
big bigger the biggest
) -,
, - -i:
dirty dirtier the dirtiest Ho: gay gayer-the gayest
2. more
(), most (,
),
. , :
interesting more interesting the most interesting
. (-er, -est), (m, most) (, -, -, -ow .).
: able, angry, clever, common, cruel, frequent, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, serious, simple, sour.
clever more clever the most clever; clever cleverer the cleverest
3.
. :
| good | better | the best |
| () | () | ( , ) |
| bad | worse | the worst |
| () | () | ( , ) |
| little | less | the least |
| () | () | () |
| much, many | more | the most |
| () | () | () |
| far | farther | the farthest |
| () | ( , | ( ),. |
| ) | ||
| further | the furthest | |
| ( , | ( ) | |
| ) |
:
| late () |  
| later ( ) the latter ( ) | - the latest (, ) |
| - last ( , ) | |||
| - the last ( ) |
Let's watch the latest news. .
This is the latest fashion. .
Yesterday I met Max and Hilda in the street. The former said "Hello", but the latter didn't recognize me.
. , .
We didn't have time to speak last time. .
| near () | 
| nearer ( ) | 
| nearest ( ) |
| next ( ) | |||
| - the next ( ) |
You can have a snack in the nearest cafe. .
In the nearest future I plan to enter the University. .
I'll see my parents next week. .
There is important information on the next page. .
| old () | 
| : |
| older () | ______ | oldest (, ) |
| , : | |
| elder () | ______ | eldest ( ) |
She is as old as I am. .
Mary is three years older than Tom. .
He is my elder brother. .
He is the eldest of the three brothers. .
Boris is the eldest at the office though he is very young. ( ) , .
| far (, ) |
| : |
| farther ( ) | ______ | farthest ( ) |
|
| : | |
| further () | ______ | furthest ( ) |
She lives father (further) from the city centre than her boss.
Let's sit at the farthest (furthest) table.
I'm waiting for further instructions.
There was no further comment.
: left, medical, dead, greenish, junior, senior, wooden, middle, empty, pregnant, round, unique.
, , .
-, -est, : soon sooner soonest; fast faster fastest; early earlier earliest.
, -1, , more most.
, :
bravely more bravely most bravely
correctly more correctly most correctly
clearly more clearly most clearly
.
:
| well | better | best |
| () | () | ( , ) |
| badly | worse | worst |
| () | () | ( , ) |
| much | more | most |
| () | () | ( , ) |
| little | less | least |
| () | () | ( , ) |
| far | farther | farthest |
| () | further | furthest |
| () | ( , ) |
As... as
Not so... as
The... the
(, ..) as... as ( ... , ... ):
This room is as large as that one.
, ().
not so... as (not as... as...):
This article is not so long as that one.
, ().
the... the... ( + ..., + ):
The longer is the day, the shorter is the night.
, .
The more you study English grammar, the better you speak English.
, -.
The sooner, the better. , .
. much (very much), far, a little, a lot, a bit, even . , :
Hes far older than her. .
She is even cleverer than her teacher. .
I feel a little better. .
Can I stay a bit longer? ?
Exercises
1. .
1) The examination was ______than we had expected.
a) more easy b) easier
2) This coat is__ than the one I tried on yesterday.
a) nicer b) more nice
3) Of course this hotel is___ than that we last stayed at.
a) more comfortable b) comfortabler
4) It's as_____ today as yesterday.
a) warmer b) warm
5) It's street in the city.
a) the most busy b) the busiest
6) Yesterday I came back home ____than I had promised.
a) latest b) later
7) The theatre was than I had expected.
a) farther b) further
8) His new book is not as as the previous one.
a) interesting b) more interesting
9) You should be when you cross the street.
a) most careful b) more careful
10) Today's test is______than the one we had last week.
a) the most difficult b) more difficult
11) I think the test is____ one of those we have written so far.
a) most difficult b) the most difficult
12) It's______ room in the hotel.
a) the better b) the best
13) The Pacific is______of all the oceans.
a) largest b) the largest
14) These were________ hours in all my life.
a) happier b) the happiest
15) It's______task I've ever done.
a) the most simple b) the simplest
16) A Ford is_______than a Volkswagen.
a) more expensive b) the most expensive
2. .
warm, young, difficult, good, easy, beautiful, large, little, important, early, far, simple, many, comfortable, badly, common, polite, shy, thin, complete, completely
3. .
| Positive | well | - | - | - | thin | - | - |
| Comparative | - | elder | - | further | - | happier | - |
| Superlative | - | - | the driest | - | - | - | worst |
4. , .
1. John is the (clever) student in our group. 2. It is (cold) today than it was yesterday. 3. London is one of the (big) cities in the world. 4. The second sentence is (difficult) than the first one. 5. a. This test is (bad) than your last one. b. This test is as (bad) as your last one. c. This test is the (bad) you have ever done. 6. Helen speaks English (well) than me. 7. Athens is (far) from London than Rome is. 8. The boss will give us (far) instructions tomorrow. 9. Susan is (old) than Mark; she is the (old) of the family. 10. I think Nick wont have any problems with exam: he works (hard) than you do. 11. She is the (beautiful) girl I have ever seen. 12. The more you study, the (good) specialist you become.
5. .
1: Car racing dangerous boxing
Car racing is more dangerous than boxing.
Boxing dangerous car racing
Boxing is less dangerous than car racing.
1. Writing difficult reading 2. Amber () expensive diamond 3. Teachers experienced students 4. Men emotional women 5. Mayors influential president 6. Fruits useful cakes 7. Gestures expressive speech
2: Daughter beautiful - mother
The daughter is as beautiful as her mother.
English difficult Greek
English is not so difficult as Greek.
1. Sofa comfortable- armchair 2. The moon bright the sun 3. Bicycle expensive car 4. July warm August 5. Abramovich rich Bill Gates 6. Train fast plane 7. Drugs harmful alcohol
6. .
1
1. . 2. , , . 3. . 4. ? , . 5. . 6. , . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , . 13. . . 14. () .
2
1. ? 2. ! , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. . 7. , , . 8. . 12. ? 13. , , . 14. , .
Indefinite (Simple)
() : () (Present Indefinite (Simple)), () (Past Indefinite (Simple)), () (Future Indefinite (Simple)).
, .. .
Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense ( () ) to , 3- , s/ -es: he work s, she studi es.
| I ask, work | we ask, work | |
| you ask, work | you ask, work | |
| he asks, works | they ask, work | |
| she asks, works | ||
| it asks, works |
to do, 3- does, to.
to do :
Do they speak English well? Does she work?
to do ( ) not :
They do not speak English well. She doesnt work.
:
Do they speak French? -? Yes, they do. . / No, they do not (don't). .
Does she live in Moscow? ? Yes, she does. . No, she does not (doesn't). .
Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense :
1. , , .
My friends like to travel. .
He visits his grandparents every Sunday. .
2. . , .
The Universe is endless. .
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. , .
Still waters run deep. .
3. , .
She enters the room, sees a fax on the table, reads it, and calls the secretary.
, , .
4. , , . , : s ee,hear,sound,believe,belong,understand,need,realize,know,remember,prefer, sound, possess, own.
I see some people in the park. .
It really sounds great. .
Now I realize that you know everything. , .
5., , : when, till, until, as soon as, before, after, if, unless, in case, on condition that, even if.
If Ted gets this job, he'll be happy. , .
Shall I see you before you leave? , , ?
Even if he learns the truth, he will not be cross with me. , .
6. come, go, leave, start, arrive.
The train starts in half an hour. () .
, , : always - , ever - -, as a rule - , never - , every day - , every week - , now and then, from time to time - , generally , , seldom, rarely -, usually - , regularly - , sometimes - , occasionally - , .
, :
She usually gets up at 7 o'clock. 7 .
We often go to the cinema. .
: , :
He visits us rarely. .
I check my e-mail not so often. .
Sometimes I miss my schoolmates. .
1. :
Do you speak English? - Yes, I do. / No, I dont.
-? . .
Does she speak German? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.
-? . .
2. :
Do you live in Murmansk or Severomorsk?
?
Does she speak German or French?
?
3. :
Where do you live? Who do you live with?
