Hundreds of, various attempts, have been grouped, legal families, modelled upon, civil law, common law, religious law, customary law, mixed law, international law.
. (Participle I)
Infinitive + ing (V+ing)
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Example: includ ing the French law ,
speak ing about the additional type -
,
exist ing legal systems .
.
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1. Civil law is a law (to relate) to the rights and duties of individuals, organizations, and associations
(such as companies, trade unions, and charities) as opposed to criminal law.
2. Judges have different titles (to depend) on their experience, training and level.
3. All cases (to deal) with goods, property, debt repayment, breach of contract are subject to Civil Procedure law.
4. (To travel) in Central Africa, the explorers got acquainted with the customs of its peoples.
5. (To classify) national legal systems scholars also define legal families and groups of legal families.
6. (To speak) about the existing legal systems we should mention the international law as a comparatively new legal community.
7. While (to consult) a client, a lawyer should always be efficient and professional.
8. (To follow) your advice well succeed in this case.
9. (To compare, to contrast, and to qualify) these two cases weve come to the conclusion that their essence is very similar.
UNIT 2. LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD:
CIVIL LAW AND COMMON LAW SYSTEMS
TEXT 1
Civil Law
. , .
Civil Law (Roman-Germanic legal family) is the most widespread typeof legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries. Also referred to as European continental law, the civil law system is derived mainly from the Roman Corpus Juris Civilus (Body of Civil Law), a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled under the Roman Emperor Justinian I between A.D. 528 and 565.
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The major feature of civil law systems is that the laws are organized into systematic written codes. The main sources of civil law are principally legislation especially codifications in constitutions or statutes enacted by governments and secondarily, custom. The civil law systems in some countries are based on more than one code.
- .
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
, .
1. Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and implement-
ed by courts.
2. An official set of laws or regulations.
3. To come from something, to appear somewhere and then to develop into something.
4. What someone thinks about the meaning of a law or precedent?
5. Used or enforced in different ways.
