а) действие относится к настоящему или будущему:
If I knew his address I would write to him. - Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем).
If the weather were fine he would go to the country.- Если бы погода (сейчас) была хорошей, он бы поехал за город.
Глагол в придаточном предложении - в форме Past Indefinite, в главном – в форме Future in the Past.
б) действие относится к прошлому:
If the weather had been fine yesterday he would have gone to the country. - Если бы погода была вчера хорошей, он бы поехал за город.
В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени, в главном предложении используется форма будущего совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном - прошедшее совершенное Past Perfeсt.
If I had known his address I would have written to him. - Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).
I wish I lived not far from herе. (настоящее время) - Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.
I wish I had lived not far from here. (прошедшее время) - Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.
Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish.
Для выражения сожаления, относящегося к будущему, употребляются сочетания с глаголом could; для выражения пожелания на будущее, а также жалобы, просьбы или раздражения, употребляется would.
Примеры:
I wish it were spring now. Жаль, что сейчас не весна.
I wish I knew her address. Мне бы хотелось знать ее адрес.
I wish I had made decision yesterday. Жаль, что я не принял решение вчера.
I wish you could drive a car. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы ты водил машину.
I wish they would stop the noise. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы они прекратили этот шум.
Задание 92. Раскройте скобки.
1. They (serve) the dessert to you as soon as you (finish) the main course.
2. He (wait) for you until you (come) back.
3. They (come) to us again when they (know) our new address.
4. We (go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine.
5. We (be) grateful to you if you (bring) us something to drink.
6. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day.
7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi.
8. We (not / have) dinner until you (come).
9. If I (come) later I (be) late for dinner.
10. If he (know) the timetable he (miss) the train.
11. It (be) better if you (come) on time.
12. I wish I (know) this before.
13. I (come) to you if you (not/ live) so far away.
14. If I (see) him yesterday I (tell) him about it.
15. If I (to be) in your place I (not/ buy) the tickets beforehand.
16. If I (know) that you needed help I (help) you.
Задание 93. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:
1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned to drive a car. 3. I wish I had known this before. 4. I would have sent a letter to you if I had known your address. 5. If I had met you yesterday I would have told you about it. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.
Задание 94. Раскройте скобки.
1. We (plant) the trees when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back. 3. I’m afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the concert tomorrow if I (get) the tickets. 5. You (not pass) the examination if you not (work) much harder. 6. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 8. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 9. You have to (call) me as soon as you (arrive). 10. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 11. We (go) out when it (stop) raining. 12. We (not to have) dinner until you (come). 13. I’m sure they (write) to us when they (know) our new address.
Задание 95. Переведите на русский язык.
1. I wish you were not late as usual.
2. I wish the letter hadn’t been so long.
3. I wish you wouldn’t be slow.
4. I wish I could go to my work by car.
5. I wish it would stop raining.
Appendix I
ADDITIONAL READING
TIPPING
Restaurants do not include a service charge in the bill, so you should tip the waiter 15% of the total bill. If service was slow some Americans will tip only 10%. Likewise, if service was good, it is appropriate to tip 20%. If service was so bad that you would never eat in the restaurant again, leave two cents. This is a deliberate insult, because it tells the waiter that you didn't forget to leave a tip. Tipping is only appropriate in restaurants that offer table service. You do not tip the cashier in a fast food restaurant.
Taxi drivers expect to get a tip equal to 15% of the total fare. If the driver was especially helpful or got you to your destination more quickly than you expected, give a 20% tip.
Hotel bell-hops (bell-boys) expect a $1 tip for helping you with your bags. If you order room service, the gratuity is included in the bill. Coat checkroom attendants expect $1 per coat. Hairdressers and barbers expect a tip of 15% of the bill. Valet parking attendants expect a $1 tip.
SMOKING
Smoking has become socially unacceptable in the US, in part due to the health risks. Smoking is prohibited in government and public buildings, and many businesses, especially restaurants, will not permit smoking. Those restaurants that permit smoking will usually have a separate section for customers who smoke. Tobacco products may not be sold to anyone under 18 years old.
Smoking on airplane flights within the US is prohibited. Smoking is also prohibited on interstate trains and buses. Smoking is prohibited on public transportation, including buses and trolleys.
GESTURES
To wave goodbye or hello to someone, raise your hand and wave it from side to side. Wave the whole hand, not just the fingers.
If you want to point at an object, extend the index finger and use it to point at the object. It is not polite to point at people.
If you want the waiter to bring the check, make a writing gesture with one hand as the pen and the other hand as the paper. If you just want the waiter to come, make eye contact and raise your hand.
TOILETS
The most important phrase you should learn is "Where can I find a toilet?". You can use the following words: men's room (women's room), restroom, lavatory, toilet, bathroom, and water closet. There are no public toilets on the streets in the US. Public toilets can be found in hotels, bars, restaurants, museums, department stores, gas stations, airports, train stations, and bus stations. In many airports, toilets do not have a flush handle, but instead flush automatically when an infrared sensor determines that you have left. If you don't see anything that looks like a flush handle, step away from the toilet and see if it flushes after a few seconds.
NUMBERS
In the United States, the number 13 is symbolic of bad luck. Tall office buildings sometimes skip the number 13 when numbering the floors.
The number 7 is symbolic of good luck.
The word trillion means a 1 followed by 12 zeros, a British billion. The word billion means a 1 followed by 9 zeros, a British milliard.
A period is used to indicate a decimal point, not a comma. A comma is used to separate groups of three digits in large numbers, thus "$1,232.52".
CALENDAR DATES
In the United States, dates are written as month/day/year. This is the opposite of the British method, in which dates are written day/month/year. So while 4/3/67 would be March 4, 1967 in Europe, it is April 3, 1967 in the United States. It is best to write out dates using the month name in order to avoid confusion.
TIME AND TEMPERATURE
Temperatures are most often given in Fahrenheit, and occasionally also in Celsius. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 and multiply the result by 5/9. The following table lists a few common temperatures:
| °F | °C | Description |
| Boiling point of water | ||
| 98.6 | Normal body temperature | |
| Very hot summer day | ||
| Room temperature | ||
| Mild spring day | ||
| Warm winter day | ||
| Freezing point of water | ||
| -7 | Very cold winter day |
AMERICAN HOLIDAYS
The American calendar is filled with numerous holidays. The following table shows some of the more popular holidays. Important national holidays have been indicated in bold. Most non-essential government offices will be closed on these days. (Fire, Ambulance and Police are always open.) Banks and post offices also tend to be closed on these days, and many businesses will give their employees the day off.
| Holiday | Date |
| New Year's Day | January 1 |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. Day | Third Monday in January |
| Valentine's Day | February 14 |
| President's Day | Third Monday in February |
| St. Patrick's Day | March 17 |
| All Fool's Day | April 1 |
| Patriots Day | Third Monday in April |
| Mother's Day | Second Sunday in May |
| Memorial Day | Last Monday in May |
| Flag Day | June 14 |
| Father's Day | Third Sunday in June |
| Independence Day | July 4 |
| Labor Day | First Monday in September |
| Columbus Day | Second Monday in October |
| Halloween | October 31 |
| Election Day | Tuesday after the first Monday in November Federal holiday in years divisible by 4 |
| Veterans Day | November 11 |
| Thanksgiving | Fourth Thursday in November |
| Christmas | December 25 |
Interesting & Fun Facts About Big Ben
- Big Ben is the biggest four-faced, chiming clock in the world.
- The real name of the tower, housing the clock, is 'Clock Tower'. Big Ben is the nickname of the main bell, formally known as the Great Bell, housed within the tower. However, the nickname is more popular than the official one.
- A survey of 2,000 people was conducted in 2008 that came up with conclusion that the tower was the most popular landmark in the United Kingdom.
- Clock Tower is also been referred to as The Tower of Big Ben and, incorrectly, St Stephen's Tower. However, the latter is actually the spired tower towards the middle of the Palace, which serves as the main point of entry for attendees of debates and committees. It is also called Big Tom.
- Big Ben was built to replace the Old Palace of Westminster, after it was destroyed by fire in October 1834.
- The clock became operational on 7th September 1859.
- Big Ben was designed by Charles Barry.
- The clock and its dials were designed by Augustus Pugin.
- The first 61 meters of Clock Tower are made up of brickwork and stone cladding and the remainder of tower is made from cast iron.
- The Tower leans slightly towards northwest, by 8.66 inches.
- The bell of 'Big Ben' weighs 14.5 tonnes. It is the huge size of the bell that inspired Benjamin Hall to give it the name of Big Ben.
- The bell of Clock Tower did not stop working even during World War 2
- The tower is sited on a 15-metre square raft, made of 3-metre thick concrete, at 4 meters below ground level.
- The four faces of the clock are 55 meters above ground. The interior volume of the tower is 4,650 cubic meters
- At the base of each clock face is a Latin inscription, in gilt letters. It reads - DOMINE SALVAM FAC REGINAM NOSTRAM VICTORIAM PRIMAM, which means "O Lord, keep safe our Queen Victoria the First".
- Clock Tower is the focus of New Year celebrations in the United Kingdom, with radio and TV stations tuning to its chimes to welcome the start of the year.
- On Remembrance Day, the chimes of Big Ben are broadcast to mark the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.
- ITN's "News at Ten" opening sequence features an image of the Clock Tower, with the sound of clock's chimes punctuating the announcement of the news headlines. It has done so, on and off, for the last 41 years.
- Turret clocks seen around the world have been inspired by the look of the Great Clock of Big Ben.
Weights and Measures
The United States still uses the English system of weights and measures. The metric system is available, but people think quarts and inches, not litres and centimetres. The following charts convert between the English and metric systems for the most commonly used measures.
Length
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (cm) 1 centimetre = 0.39 inches (in)
1 foot = 0.305 meters (m) 1 meter = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 0.914 meters (m) 1 meter = 1.09 yards (yd) 1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 1.61 kilometres (km) 1 kilometre = 0.62 miles (mi) 1 mile = 5280 feet
Weight
1 ounce = 28.35 grams (g) 1 gram = 0.035 ounces (oz)
1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms (kg) 1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds (lb) 1 pound = 16 ounces
Volume
1 gallon = 3.7854 litres (L) 1 litre = 0.2642 gallons (gal)
1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 quart = 2 pints 1 pint = 2 cups
1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons 1 teaspoon = 5 ml
Italian Cuisine
The History of Pizza
Greeks were the first who baked large, round and flat breads which they topped with olive oils, spices and other things. Tomatoes were not discovered at that time.
In Italy in the 18th century, these flat breads called "Pizzas", were sold on the streets and in the markets. They were not topped with anything. They were cheap to make and tasty, so they were sold to the poor in Naples by street vendors.
In about 1889, Queen Margherita with her husband Umberto I, inspected her Italian Kingdom. During her travels around Italy she saw many people, especially the peasants, eating this large, flat bread. The queen ordered her guards to bring her one of these Pizza breads. The queen loved the bread and ordered her chef Rafaelle Esposito to bake pizzas for her. Rafaelle decided to make a very special pizza for her. He baked a Pizza topped with tomatoes, Mozzarella Cheese, and fresh Basil (like the colors of the Italian flag: Red, white, and green).
This became Queen Margherita's favorite Pizza and when people knew that it is one of the queen's favorite foods, pizza became even more popular with the Italian people. She also started a culinary tradition, the Pizza Margherita, which you can taste today in Naples and which has now spread throughout the world.
Since then Pizza, in the same form as we know it now, was enjoyed by all the Italians. In different parts of the country Pizza was made differently. In Bologna, for example, meat was added into the topping. Neapolitan Pizza has garlic, Neapolitan cheeses, herbs, fresh vegetables, and other spices and flavorings.
Nowadays Pizza has spread to America, France, England and Spain, where it was little known before.
Today we celebrate Pizza. February 9 is International Pizza Day and the Guinness Book of Records states that the largest Pizza ever made and eaten was created in Havana, Florida and was 100 feet and 1 inch across!
American and Canadian citizens eat about 23 pounds (about 10,5 kg) of Pizza per person every year. Pepperoni Pizza and Cheese Pizza are most favourite Pizzas.
Pizza Recipe
- 250 grams / 9 oz of flour
- 1 teaspoon of milk powder
- A pinch of salt
- 1 teaspoon of white sugar
- 150 ml / 5 fluid oz of warm to hot water
- 1 teaspoon of dry active yeast
- one 225 gram / 8 oz can of whole peeled tomatoes
- 2 to 5 cloves of garlic
- 1 tablespoon of tomato paste
- ½ teaspoon of dried or ½ tablespoon of fresh basil
- ½ teaspoon of dried or ½ tablespoon of fresh oregano
Pizza dough
In a large bowl mix the flour and milk powder. Dissolve the salt and sugar in the hot water in a small bowl, sprinkle over the yeast granules and set aside until frothy - around 10 minutes. Pour the yeast mixture into the flour, mix to combine and knead by hand until smooth using a mixer. Cover and put aside in a warm place to double in size.
Tomato base
Peel the garlic cloves and chop the herbs finely. Drain the juice from the tomatoes. Place the tomatoes, peeled garlic cloves, tomato paste and chopped herbs in a blender and blend until smooth. If desired strain through a sieve to remove the tomato seeds.
Suggested toppings
Original Italian recipe: lightly cover the tomato base with mozzarella cheese.
Hawaiian: pineapple pieces, ham or bacon.
Pepperoni: salami, pepperoni slices, mushrooms, and olives.
Chicken and Apricot: cooked chicken pieces, dried apricot pieces, mild or cooked onion slices.
Italian: salami, red and green capsicum, olives, mushrooms and anchovies.
Combination: pineapple pieces, salami, pepperoni slices, capsicum, mushrooms, olives, mild or cooked onion slices and anchovies.
Mexican: cooked beef mince, chilli, and sweet corn.
Meat lovers: cooked beef mince, salami, ham, and bacon.
Chicken and Corn: cooked chicken pieces, drained canned or frozen sweet corn.
Chicken and Brie: cooked chicken pieces, slices of Camembert or Brie cheese.
Seafood: cooked baby prawns, sashimi, sliced crab sticks, mussels.
Vegetarian: crumbled feta or tofu, mushrooms, olives, sweet corn, mild or cooked onion slices.
Preheat the oven to 200°C (400°F). Roll the pizza dough out on a lightly floured bench or board, to form a large circle, or 2 medium sized circles and place on a pizza stone or baking tray. Lightly coat with olive oil using a pastry brush. Spread the tomato base thickly over the dough and top with the desired toppings. Lightly cover with a mixture of grated mozzarella, Parmesan and Cheddar cheeses. Bake for around 20 minutes or until the pizza base is golden.
Spaghetti Aglio Recipe
Ingredients:
300 grams / 9 oz of dry spaghetti
3 tablespoons of olive oil
3 cloves of garlic
¼ teaspoon of minced chilli
fresh parsley
salt
Cook the spaghetti in salted boiling water until al denté (до полуготовности). While the spaghetti is cooking, crush the 3 cloves (зубчик) of garlic and finely chop the fresh parsley. Heat the olive oil in a pan and add the crushed garlic and chilli. Once the pasta is cooked, drain and toss through the olive oil mix. Sprinkle with the chopped parsley and serve with fresh bread and salad.
ENGLISH CUISINE
Apple Pie Recipe
Traditionally apple pie is served warm or cold with a thick wedge of aged cheddar cheese.
Ingredients:
8 large tart green apples
40 grams of butter
½ cup of castor sugar (сахарная пудра)
1 cup of water
½ teaspoon of ground cinnamon
4 whole cloves or a pinch of ground cloves (гвоздика)
2 large strips of the rind of ½ a lemon
1 teaspoon of cornflour
4 cups of flour
A good pinch of salt
250 grams / 9 oz of butter
½ cup of castor sugar
2 eggs
2 to 4 tablespoons of milk
Apple Filling
Peel the apples and cut each apple into quarters. Remove the core and dice each quarter. In a large saucepan melt the butter over a medium low heat, add the apple, sugar, water, lemon rind, cinnamon and cloves and combine. Cover and sweat for 5 to 10 minutes, or until the apple is just tender but still retains its shape. Remove from the heat. Discard the lemon rind, cinnamon stick and cloves. Drain most of the excess liquid off and mix in the cornflour. Set aside to cool.
Christmas Pudding Recipe
Ingredients:
115 grams of flour
1 heaped teaspoon of baking powder
175 grams of breadcrumbs
1 teaspoon of mixed spice
1 teaspoon of cinnamon (корица)
¼ teaspoon of nutmeg
250 grams of very cold grated butter or suet (почечное или нутряное сало)
175 grams of brown sugar
¼ teaspoon of salt
175 grams of sultanas (кишмиш)
175 grams of raisins
175 grams of currants
85 grams of almonds (миндаль)
175 grams of mixed peel
2 eggs
150 ml of milk (approximately)
grated rind (zest) of 1 lemon
1 tablespoon of brandy
Thoroughly grease a large stainless steel bowl or large pudding basin.
Weigh the dried fruit into a second large bowl, in another bowl toss the cold grated butter (or suet) through the flour to keep the butter separated.
Now add the butter and flour mixture, breadcrumbs, baking powder, brown sugar and spices to the previously weighed fruit.
Beat the eggs and milk together and pour them to the dry fruit ingredients and pour in the brandy. Mix thoroughly and pour into the well greased bowl.
Stretch a layer of cooking paper and tinfoil over the rim of the bowl and tie securely. Place an old soup or dessert bowl upside down in your largest saucepan, place the pudding on top and three quarters fill with boiling water. Cover the saucepan. Steam or simmer for 5 to 6 hours, checking regularly to make sure the saucepan has not boiled dry.
Steam for two hours on Christmas day to reheat. More brandy may be added before serving with brandy butter or brandy sauce and whipped cream. May also be flamed with more brandy and a match!
