1. Computer a) a machine by which information is re-
ceived from the computer;
2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manip-
ulating numbers, letters and characters;
3. Input device c) an electronic machine that processes
data under the control of a stored program;
4. Memory d) a disk drive reading the information
into the computer;
5. Output device e) information given in the form of char-
acters.
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Unit 2
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. 1.
applied physics
generation [d33na'reijn] , ,
scientific research [saisn'tifik n'satj]
due to the efforts ['dju: ta 'efsts]
manipulation [msenipju'leijn] ; ;
to replace vacuum tubes a piece of semiconductor ['semiksn'dAkts]
reduced weight [ri'dju:st 'weit] power consumption [' kan'sAmpJn]
()
to carry out ['keen aut] ; solid body ; ; to respond [n'spond] ; at a rate integrated circuit (1) [mts'greitid 'sakit]
batch processing ['bsetf prou'sesirj] to assemble [s'sembl] ;
to lower manufacturing [ manju'fasktfanr)]
to increase reliability ['mkris nlais'bihti]
21 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics
2. , .
Text 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS
Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.
Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices ajre. widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.
The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was, the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World Vfar II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.
The transistor invented by American scientists WShockly, J.Bardeen and WBrattain in 1948 completely replaced the vac-
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. 22
uum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for highspeed computers or for microwave communication systems.
The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (1), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. 1 greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.
3. . ,
.
1. What is electronics? 2, Can you imagine modern life without electronics? 3. Where are electronic devices used? 4. What was the beginning of electronics development? 5. What made the progress in radio communication technology possible? 6. What is the transistor? 7. When w?s the transistor invented?
8. What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor?
9. When were integrated circuits discovered? 10. What advan
tages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?
4.
:
Electronics; electrons; physics; information; microelectronics; industrial design; to calculate trajectories; phenomena of nature; automatization of production processes; organisms; vacuum tubes; specialized functions; progress in radio communication technology; transistor; electrode; components; to real-
23 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics
ize; communication system; technology; descrete components; chip.
5.
:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ... ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
6. .
, ,
, , , .
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Power consumption; power consumption change; signals manipulation; transistor invention; circuit functions; communication systems, data processing system; integrated circuits development; science field; process control; automatization processes control; circuit components; size reduction; electronics development; communication means; problem solution; space exploration; pattern recognition; customers accounts; air traffic control.
7. 2.
performance [ps'focrnans] ; ; ;
to predict [pra'dikt] capability [keips'bihti] ; branch of science ['braintf sv 'saisns] to embrace [imijreis]
. 24
circuit assembly ['sakit s'sembh]
film technique ['film tgk'mk]
(, ) invisible to unaided eye
to react [n'askt]
speed of response ()
advantage / disadvantage [3d'va:ntid3] , /
benefit ['benefit] , ; ,
to result from [' fram] ,
packing density ['psekirj 'densiti]
small-scale integrated circuit ()
medium-scale 1 () large-scale 1 ()
very-large-scale 1 ()
fineline ['fainlam] ;
transmission line
waveguide ['weivgaid]
to emerge [i'mad3] ,
to displace ,
mode , , ;
pattern , ; ,
power ['] , , ; , ; ,
25 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics
8. 2 , . .
Text 2. MICROELECTRONICS AND MICROMINIATURIZATION
The intensive effort of electronics to increase the reliability and performance of its products while reducing their size and cost led to the results that hardly anyone could predict. The evolution of electronic technology js sometimes called a revolution: a quantitative change in technology gave rise to qualitative change in human capabilities. There appeared a new branch of science microelectronics.
Microelectronics embraces electronics connected with the realization of electronic circuits, systems and subsystems from very small electronic devices. NJicxaelfifitrQnics jaLa-name ft* extremely small electronic components and circuit assemblies, made by film or semiconductor techniques. A microelectronic technology reduced transistors and other circuit elements to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye. The point of this extraordinary miniaturization is to make circuits long-lasting, low in cost, and capable of performing electronic functions at extremely high speed. It is_ known that the speed of response depends on the size of transistor: the smaller the transistor, the faster it is. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work.
One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller devices consume less power. In space satellites and spaceships this is a very important factor.
Another benefit resulting from microelectronics is the reduction of distances between circuit components. Packing density increased with the appearance of small-scale integrated circuit, medium-scale 1, large-scale 1 and very-large-scale 1. The change in scale was pieasured_ by the number of transistors on a chip. There appeared a new type of integrated circuits, microwave integrated circuit. The evolution of microwave 1 began with the development of planar transmission lines.Then new 1 components in a fineline transmission line appeared. Other more exotic techniques, such as dielectric waveguide integrated circuits emerged.
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. 26
Microelectronic technique is continuing to displace other modes. Circuit patterns are being formed with radiation having wavelength shorter than those of light.
Electronics has extended man's intellectual power. Microelectronics extends that power still further.
9. ,
.
1. What would you say about electronics? 2. Why is the development of electronics called a revolution? 3. What is microelectronics? 4. What techniques does microelectronics use?
5. What is the benefit of reducing the size of circuit elements?
6. What do you understand by the term of microminiaturiza
tion? 7. What does the speed of the signal response depend on?
8. What advantages of microelectronics do you know? 9. What
scales of integration are known to you? 10. How are microelec
tronics techniques developing?
10.
:
; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
11. .
, dis-, in-, un-y -, *-
.
dis-: disadvantage; disconnect; disappear, disclose; discomfort; discontinue; discount; discredit; discriminate; disintegrate.
in-: invisible; inaccurate; inactive; incapable; incompact; insignificant; inhuman; informal; ineffective; indifferent; indecisive; inconsumable; incorrect.
27 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics
-; uncontrollable; unbelievable; unable; unchanged; uncomfortable; uncommunicative; undisciplined; unexpected; unfavourable; unforgettable; unkind.
-: non-effective; non-aggressive; noncomparable; non-computable; nonconstant; noncontrollable; nondigital; nondi-mensional; nonprogrammable; nonusable.
//-; irregular; irrelative; irresponsive; irrational; irreplaceable; irrecognizable.
12. to be
( ) + 3- .
. 1 2. - .
. :
People widely use electronic devices - Electronic devices are widely used by people.
1. Electronic devices control the work of power stations. 2. They calculate the trajectories of spaceships. 3. People discover new phenomena of nature due to electronic devices.
4. Scientists designed a variety of tubes for specialized functions.
5. American scientists invented the transistor in 1948. 6. Inte
grated circuits greatly reduced the size of devices. 7. New types
of integrated circuits increased packing density. 8. Electronics
has extended man's intellectual power. 9. Scientists are looking
for new ways for the improvement of integrated circuits tech
nology. 10. Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrating de
vice and built the first 1 in 1958.
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13. ( ) .
.
* * *
1. It is well known that the quick development of electronics began with the invention of transistors. They replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the main advantages of the transistors in comparison with the vacuum tube is absence of filament power loss. One of the principal caus-
. 28
es of damages in electronic circuitry is high temperature. The heat causes breakdown of tubes and other circuit elements that are very sensitive to this influence. The transistor, on the other hand, does not heat its surroundings.
Another advantage of the transistor is its long life. The life of the average transistor is more than ten thousand operating hours. Because of its long lifetime and raggedness, the transistor is very reliable and has much better efficiency in professional equipment.
2. As we know, transistors replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the advantages of the transistor is its small dimensions. Because of their small size, the absence of heating and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce compact, small-dimensioned electronic devices which consume very little power.
In conclusion it is important to note that transistors revolutionized many fields of technology. They are successfully used for direct transformation of heat energy by means of thermal elements. They are also used to convert radiant energy into electricity with the help of photocells or solar batteries. Light sources and lasers are built on the basis of transistors. They find wide application in computers, automatic devices, aviation, communication, etc.
Notes ________________________________________
Filament power loss
TESTS 1. .
1. Transistors have many____ over vacuum tubes.
a) patterns; b) advantages; c) scales
2. They_____ very little power.
a) consume; b) generate; c) embrace
3. An integrated circuit is a group of elements connected
together by some circuit_____ technique.
a) processing; b) assembly; c) manipulation
29 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics
4. The transistor consists of a small piece of a____ with
three electrods.
a) diode; b) conductor; c) semiconductor.
5. Modern_____ began in the early 20th century with the
invention of electronic tubes.
a) miniaturization; b) electronics; c) microelectronics
6. John Fleming was the______ of the first two-electrode
vacuum tube.
a) generator; b) receiver; c) inventor
7. One of the transistor advantages was lower power___,
in comparison with vacuum tubes.
a) consumption; b) reception; c) transmission.
8. Microelectronics greatly extended man's intellectual
a) subsystems; b) capabilities; c) dimensions
2. : .
1. Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature. 2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of descrete components. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately.
Unit3
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
