1. Computer ' a) the set of instructions that direct
the operations of computers;
2. Computer literacy b) a part of a computer, entering
data into the device;
3. A program c) facts unorganized but able to be
organized;
4. Data d) the output of a data processing
system;
5. Data processing. e) possessing sufficient knowledge
of how computers work and what they can do to use them as problem-solving tools;
6. Data processing f) a series of operations that results
in the conversion of data system into useful information;
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7. Input.g) an electronic device performing
calculations on numerical data;
8. Output h) an electronic device accepting
the data processing results from the computer and displaying them;
9. Useful information i) a set of related files;
10. Data bank j) the resources required to accom-
plish the processing of data. These resources are personnel, material, facilities and equipment.
7. .
1. Data are processed to become useful information. 2. We use the term data processing to include the resources applied for processing of information. 3. Resources required for accomplishing the processing of data are called data processing system. 4. Processing is a series of operations converting inputs into outputs. 5. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment. 6. Egyptians used the information to predict crop yields.
7. Information to be put into the computer for processing should
be coded into ones and zeroes. 8. Processing is operations on data
to convert them into useful information. 9. The first machines
designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for
business data processing. 10. Hollerith built one machine to
punch the holes and the other to tabulate the collected data.
8. 2.
manual ['maenjusl] , to take advantage of smth .-.
capability [,keip9'bihti] ; ;
accuracy ['sekjurasr] ; ; ()
correctly [ks'rektli] ;
to eliminate [e'hmmeit] ; ; ;
49 Unit 4. Data Processing Concepts
to make errors ['ersz] ()
error-prone
to remain vulnerable [n'mein 'vAlnorabl] ,
invalid data [m'vashd] , ,
communications networks ;
travel ['traevsl] ; ; ;
instant response ['instant n'spons] ()
to respond [n'spond] ;
access ['aeksas] ; ; ,
capacity of storage [ks'paesiti ev 'stond3] ()
to retrieve [n'trkv] , (); ()
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value ['vaslju] ; ; ; ; ;
objective [sb'd3ektiv] ; ;
cost-effective ['kost I'fektiv] ;
challenge ['tfaelmd3] ; ;
9. , . .
Text 2. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING
Computer-oriented data processing systems or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and
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computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of. computers.
1. Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the
computer component of a data processing system, the need for
further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possi
bility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly pro
grammed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of
course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by
humans of invalid data.
2. Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be trans
mitted wherever needed by communications networks. These
may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reserva
tions system is an example of a data communications network.
Reservation clerks throughout the world may make an enquiry
about transportation or lodgings and receive an almost instant
response. Another example is an office communications system
that provides executives with access to a reservoir of date, called
a corporate data base, from their personal microcomputer work
stations.
3. Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast
amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways
that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of
data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic discs is con
stantly increasing. All the while, the cost per character of data
stored is decreasing.
4. Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing sys
tems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel
reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if cli
ents had to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The
response required might be a fraction of a second.
Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society.
51 Unit 4. Data Processing Concepts
10. , .
1. What capabilities should data-processing systems combine when designed? 2. What are the main advantages of computers? 3. What do you know of computers accuracy? 4. What is the function of communication networks? 5. Give examples of a data communication network. 6. What do you understand by capacity storage? 7. What other values of computer data processing systems do you know? 8. What is an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems? 9. What is the most effective computer data processing system? 10. What is the best way of responding to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial society?
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11.
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