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53 Unit 4. Data Processing Concepts
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1. The ENIAC (1943-1946)
The first all-electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was developed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. It was developed as a result of a military need. J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly proposed the machine to solve the problem of calculating firing tables for new weapons.
The ENIAC weighed 90 tons, its 18.000 vacuum tubes demanded 140 kilowatts of electric power. Although it was fully electronic, the ENIAC had two major shortcomings: it could store and manipulate only a very limited amount of information, and its programs were wired on board. Since its programs were hardwired that is, the programs operating the computer were established by physically changing the patterns of the wires interconnecting the vacuum tubes the machine was not so flexible in operation. These limitations made it difficult to detect errors and to change the programs. And yet, the project was successful and the ENIAC was used for many years to solve ballistic problems.
2. The EDVAC (1946-1952)
Although the idea of an automatic computing engine occurred first to Charles Babbage in 1832, it was more than a century later, in 1945, that John von Neumann set out the principles that fixed the pattern of computer design.
Dr.John von Neumann, professor of mathematics at the Prinston Institute of Advanced Study, together with P.Eckert, J.Mauchly and Goldstine became a project member of a new improved computer, the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer (EDVAC). Von Neumann was a major contributor to the project as he developed the concept of storing instructions as well as data in the memory of the computer. As a result it became possible to replace the writing board, which so seriously handicapped the operation of the ENIAC.
Von Neumann is also given a share of the credit for introducing the idea of storing both instructions and data in a binary code instead of decimal numbers or human-readable words.
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3. The UNIVAC 1(1951)
P.Eckert and J.Mauchly left the EDVAC project to form their own company and built the UNIVAC I computer. UNIVAC stands for UNI\fersal Automatic Computer. The first UNIVAC was installed in the Census Bureau in 1951, and it was used continuously for 10 years. From the University laboratories the computer finally entered the wider world in 1951 with the invention of first UNIVAC I. It was the first digital computer which was not "one of a kind", it was produced in quantity.
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In 1952 IBM (International Business Machine) introduced the 701 commercial computer. Although limited in storage capacity by modern standards, the 701 could add a column of 10-digit numbers as tall as the Empire State Building in one second. Very soon improved models of the UNIVAC I and other 701-series machines were introduced. In 1953 IBM produced the IBM 650 which used a magnetic drum for storage and was popular with business and science.
15. .
TESTS
1.
1. Computer data_____ system frees humans from routine
error-prone tasks.
a) counting; b) computing: c),processing
2. Computers can store vast amount of information to orga-
nize it and______ it.
a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond
3. The entered data can be transmitted by____ networks.
a) communications; b) conversions; c) procession
4. The possibility of_____ is reduced if data were correct-
ly put into the data processing system, a) character; b) access; c) error
5. Computer data processing systems can____ at a frac
tion of a second.
a) receive; b) respond; c) retrieve
55 Unit 4. Data Processing Concepts
6. Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of____
data.
a), invalid; b) invariable; c) invisible
7. As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the
human_____ is limited.
a) computation; b) information; ^manipulation
8. The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constant-
ly______
a) decreasing; b>increasing; c) eliminating
2. , .
1. Inputting a) saving information for further pro-
cessing;
2. Character. b) the process of producing useful in-
formation;
3. Database c) meaningful collections of related
characters;
4. Data elements d) the most common input device;
5. Controlling ^e) the part of the computerthat receives
and stores data for processing;
6. Outputting f) directing the sequence of the opera-
tions performed;
7. Memory - g) >a written language symbol;
8. Record h) a collection of related data elements
9. Keyboard i) a set of related facts;
10. Storing j) the process of entering collected into
a data processing system;
Unit 5
COMPUTER SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW
1. 1.
architecture ['aki'tektfs] ;
architect ['akitekt] (, )
unit ['jmnit] ; ; ; ;
accessory equipment [sek'sesan]
engineering background ['baekgraund] ,
analyst ['aenshst] ; product line ()
manufacturer [] ; ;
application programmer [aepli'keijh ']
to simulate ['simjuleit] ; voltage ['voltidj] pressure [] ,
digital computer ['did3itsl ksm'pjitfs]
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hybrid computer ['haibnd] , -
discrete [dis'kri:t] ;
continuous quantity [ksn'tinjuss 'kwDntiti]
on-going process , ,
to rely [n'lai] .-.;
57 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
to install [m'sto:l] ; ; ;
household appliances ['haushould sp'larensiz] /
microwave oven ['maikrouweiv 4vn]
indoor climate control system
