(81, 421)
(internalization of externalities)
(
) ().
(426)
(decreasing
Economy of scale)
,
, 20%
10%. (171)
,
.
, ; ,
, , , .
. (17)
(producer
equilibrium condition):
MRP, = MRP,. = = MRPn (162)
P, p
Quot; Pn
(firm's equilibrium condition):
MR = MC. (202)
(long-run equilibrium
in competitive market):
MR = MC = AC = P (206)
(utilitarism)
, ,
-
. " "
-
. , ,
,
. (363)
(factors of production)
, . (46)
(firm) ,
:
( ),
;
,
,
. (183, 185)
,
, ;
, (17)
(functional demand)
, , . (125)
(utility function) ,
:
|
|
. U = f(q,),
553
U ;
Q . (121)
(supply function) ,
:
QS = (P, P, K, T, N, B),
;
;
;
N ;
. (86)
(demand function) ,
:
Qd = f (P, I, Z, W, P, u b, P c o m,N,B),
I (income) ;
Z (tastes) ;
W (waiting) (, );
(prices) : ()
();
N ;
. (83)
(futures)
. (399)
(hedging) ,
. (400)
(land price) ,
,
. ,
R
= S i_.
(1 + i)<