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, ; , . . (Delbert . Miller) , , , (Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement. 1991. P. 151). , , , ? ?, . , , . -, 1998 . 1999 . (. ) . () . 18 12 , , . . . , , .

, ; I998 . , . 402 236 . ( 59% , , .) , 37 , , , . .

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40% , ; 25% 6% . 13% , . , , . , , , , 1997 . 55% .

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P. (Avellino Steven R.) : (Electoral/lyJ Speaking: Republican Political Strategy).

(Beattie Dave) Hamilton Beattie& Staff, ( ) . 1998 . , . .

(Bovee John) The Bove'e Company, , - - . 230 . , , , , -, .

. (Brazile Donna L.) - (Eleanor Holmes-Norton), . . . 1998 , / , - .

By . (Wu H. Denis) . . .

. (Gianos Phillip L.) (). , .

A. (Glick Joseph A.) - (City University, New York). : (Glick Associates: Strategic), - .

(GoddardBen) Goddard Claussen, . , . , , . , . .

(Gutierrez Armando) (Gutierrez & Associates Inc.), , - .

(Garay Ronald) . . : (Congressional Television: A Legislative History, Greenwood, 1984) : - (Cable Television: A Reference Guide to Information. Greenwood, 1988).

(Dowd Matthew) - , . (Public Strategies, Inc.) , , . . (Lloyd Bensten), (Richard Gephardt), . 1991 . (Campaigns & Elections) , .

A. (Day Louis A.) (Louisiana State University's Manship School of Mass Communication). -: (Ethics in Media Communications: Cases and Controversies).

(Jackson Bud) (Jackson Communications), , . . , , .

(Daggett Diana) 1981 1996 . . : (Pete Domenici) ; - (Kirk Fordice) ; (Steven Schiff) (-). , - (Republican Governor's Association) -. (Intel Corporation).

. {Edmonds Thomas N.) - (Edmonds Associates), , - , . , : (Campaigns in American History and Ronald Reagan: An American President). . .

(Zuckerman Edward) - (Political Finance & Lobby Reporter) , . , , - , .

. (Cunningham Charles .) (National Rifle Association). . , 1998 . . 26 1998 . 50 .

{Keller Amy) . , , .

{King Tom) (Fenn and King Communications) -, - .

. {Clinton Walter D.) The Clinton Group, Inc., 1971 . , . . . .

. (Clinton Anne E.) The Clinton Group, Inc. , , 10 . .

(Levine Kim) (Lehigh University) (Bethlehem), . . (Strother Duffy Strother).

(Lee Kaid Lynda) (Political Communication Center).

{Napolitan Joseph) 1956 . . . - (Lyndon Johnson), - - (Hubert Humphrey) . (The Election Game).

(Perkins Jay) , (Associated Press) . . (Perlmutter David D.) - . (Photojournalism and Foreign Policy. Greenwood, 1998) {Visions of War. St. Martin's Press, 1999).

(Paquin Tony) , , , . {Netivation.com), - . . .

(Parent Wayne) , , (Blacks and the American Political System, University of Florida Press, 1995). , American Political Science Review .

- (Parry-Giles Trevor) (Campaign Performance Group) , , . , , (Craver, Mathews, Smith & Company). . , .

(Reilly Sean) . -- (Lamar Advertising Company) .

. (Reavy Matthew M.) . (University of' Scran ton).

(Ridder Rick) - / (Ridder / Braden). , . , , , , . -.

(Reed Lynn) (NetPo/itics Group). 1996 . 1998 . - -, , (MacWilliams, Cosgrove, Smith, Robinson) www.tnissedvotes.com . - . Campaigns & Elections .

(Symons Luther) Ridder / Braden. . , - .

(Smith Sheldon) . (GOP), - .

.. (Stone Ann E.W.) (Stone Group), .

(Strother Dane) - (Strother Duffy Strother). .

. (Strother Raymond D.) 30 . . , , . Campaigns & Elections .

. (Tyson Gerald S.) 25- . - (Tyson Organization) (Fort Worth) , . (TDM Research & Communications), .

(Walter Don) , , MSNBC (Fox television), , . - (Creative Media Partners). - , , - -, , .

. (West Darrell M.) (Brown). : (Air Wars: Television Advertising in Election Campaigns. Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997) : , (The Sound of Money: How Political Interests Get What They Want. Norton, 1998). .

(Fletcher Bill) (Rowley Consulting Inc.), -, . , , .

(Franzen John) (Franzen & Company), , . 1978 . - . , - (American Association of Retired Persons), (Sierra Club), (California Teachers Association). , .

. (Friedenberg Robert V.) ( ), . . , , : (Communication Consultants in Political Campaigns: Ballot Box Warriors. Praeger, 1998). . (Judith S. Trent) : (Communications Consultants in Political Campaigns: Ballot Box Warriors), . 100 , , . 70 .

. (Hutchens Jon M.) (Media Strategies & Research), 1990 . - , , .

(Hess Carol) , . (Politicalresources, Inc.). (Political Resources Directory), . - (Political Web Notes) .

(Hamilton Bill) (Hamilton Beattie & Staff), ( ) . , 1966 . , , . 1999 . .

(Allyn Rob) , 15 150 , . (Front Runner, Crown, 1990) PBS Fox News.

 


[1] V . .. , , . . (. .)

 

[2] , 1933 ., Pacific Gas & Electric Co . Campaigns, Inc., , .

 

[3] , , .

 

[4] . (. .)

 

[5] , . (The International Association of Political Consultants, IAPC), . ( ) ( ).

 

[6] (Newt Gingrich) . (. .)

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[7] , , - , , , -, , , .

 

[8] .

 





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