1. The talker (can, must) remember that conversation (must, should) serve a purpose (). 2. We often (may, have to) use encyclopaedias where we (must, can) find information that we need at the moment. 3. Writers do not always express things directly so that you (have to, may) think carefully to see what they mean. 4. Reading a book (may, should) be a conversation between you and the author. 5. To achieve ( ) progress in any subject we (may, must) discuss things. 6. You (cant, shouldnt) worry. 7. When we are introduced to new people we (may, should) try to appear friendly ( ). 8. You (must, can) be there on time. 9. I (may, have to) get up early. 10. The lecturer (may, must) remember the names of his students.
. 10. , to be to have.
| To have to to be to |
| To have to + inf To be to + inf , |
| I have to go there I had to go there Ill have to go there I am to go there I was to go there () |
1. We are to meet Jane at the station. 2. Helen is to go to the country. 3. Ann has to cook dinner as her mother is away. 4. They had to wait long as she didnt return in time. 5. The Dean isnt in the Deans office. You will have to come here again. 6. What time were they to come here yesterday? 7. My sister is to arrive on Sunday. 8. We are to take four exams in winter. 9. The train goes out at 5 a.m., so we shall have to get up early. 10. The meeting is to take place after classes.
. 11. to be. .
1. The lecture to begin at eight. 2. She to come and help. 3. You to learn all the new words. 4. The planters to gather their cotton at once. 5. I to leave tomorrow. 6. The youngest children to play on the beach. 7. We to wait for them at the door. 8. He to meet her at the station yesterday. 9. They to stay at that hotel yesterday. 10. They to start on Monday.
. 12. to have. .
1. She to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. I to finish some work at the phonetics laboratory. 3. The child has stomach trouble ( ) and to take castor oil. 4. If I dont ring up before six oclock, then you to go to the concert hall alone. 5. He to wear glasses as my eyesight () is very weak. 6. You to do it alone, without anybodys help. 7. They to translate this article. 8. Its raining. You to put on your rain-coat. 9. I didnt feel well yesterday but I to go to the University because I was to take an exam. 10. The text is rather difficult thats why you to look the new words up in the dictionary.
. 13. , . :
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: You must do it. It must be done.
. .
You can do it. It can be done.
. .
1. You must do three of these exercises tomorrow. 2. You can find the book you need in any library. 3. We must send these letters at once. 4. You must take the box to the station. 5. You can cross the river on a raft. 6. The workers can finish the building of the house very soon. 7. You must return the books the day after tomorrow. 8. I can easily forgive this mistake. 9. You can find such berries everywhere. 10. You must do this work very carefully.
. 14. one . - .
One can see
One must know
One neednt hurry
One must not be late
1. One must know at least one foreign language. 2. If one wants to study, one can always find time for it. 3. One can easily do it. 4. One must work hard at a foreign language if one wants to master it. 5. One mustnt be late for classes. 6. What can one see out of the window of your classroom? 7. One may take magazines from the library. 8. One neednt use a dictionary if the text is clear. 9. One must know a lot of words to read books on the speciality.
LESSON 2
to be to have ()
| to be | to have | |
| 1. | . , . We are in the Institute now. | . . He has a good library. |
| 2. - | 3 ing. . She is reading a book. We were invited there. | 3 . . I have read your letter. |
| 3. - | To be . , , , , , : She is a pretty child. His aim is to become a teacher. | - |
| 4. - | ( to). , 텻 I was to send a telegram but I forgot to do it. | ( to). , , . I shall have to stay at home as my mother is ill. |
| 5. - | : to be fond of ; to be afraid of ; to be late ; to be proud of . | : to have dinner ; to have a smoke ; to have a look . |
| 6. | - | have + ( ) + II. , , - , (, ) : She has her hair cut short. (.. ). |
. 1. to be :
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1. She is an experienced teacher. 2. We were to meet on Sunday. 3. Where are you going? 4. Were you in the south last summer? 5. Dont forget that we are to meet in the evening. 6. He is in the library now. 7. There will be an interesting concert next week. 8. He is reading up for his exams. 9. They are to come in 20 minutes. 10. You were to tell us about it. 11. I am afraid of nothing.
. 2. , to be:
He was to listen to you; he was listening; he was listened to; he was a rich person; it is translated; it is to translate; he is translating; it is a difficult text; they are caused; they are to cause; he will be changed; he is changed; he is to change.
. 3. to have :
1. I have a very good English dictionary. 2. Have a look at this picture! 3. I have to write a letter to my parents today. 4. I have already seen this film. 5. She has just read an interesting story. 6. They have an English lesson every day. 7. We have breakfast in the morning. 8. He had to stay at home as it was raining hard. 9. We had a meeting after the lessons yesterday. 10. We had to wait for him for half an hour. 11. They had had dinner before we came. 12. Next week I shall have to return this textbook. 13. Ill have the car brought round. 14. Why dont you have your hair waved? 15. The man had his leg amputated. 16. We have to translate all these texts. 17. They will have a new flat soon.
. 4. , to have:
I have arrived; I have to arrive; he had to translate; he had translated; he had the text to translate; I will have to understand; he has helped; he has to help; he will have to help; he had to help; he has asked; they have to ask; you had asked; she has to ask.
LESSON 3
The Infinitive
, , .
to (to go, to do, to help).
to :
1) (can, may, must, need, could, might, should): She can swim well. They should do it.
2) to make ( ), to let (): She let them go.
3) had better ( ): Youd better sing us. would rather ( ): I would rather do it later.
. 1. . , to. :
1. He wanted to help us in biology. 2. They promised to inform us about their work. 3. His parents let him watch this film. 4. To swim in cold water is healthy. 5. Jane wants to buy a present to her Mum. 6. Our teacher makes us read every class. 7. You had better think about it. 8. Let me know whats happening. 9. They will go to the library to read new magazines. 10. You neednt decide at once how to act. 11. Dont make him eat. 12. His friend made him learn English.
. 2. , to :
1. You may (join) us, if you wish. 2. Let her (do) what she wants (do). 3. When I was a child my granny made me (practise) the piano every day. 4. I wont make Jim (come) to the club tonight. 5. Youd better (try) not to think about it. 6. I will make him (do) the work again. 7. Id like (eat) fish this evening. 8. Im glad (see) you. 9. She will be happy (invite) them. 10. Give me something (read). 11. She doesnt like (ask) questions. 12. I want (learn) English.
1. (. . ).
2. (. . (Indefinite Infinitive, Continuous Infinitive) (Perfect Infinitive).
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The Infinitive
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | to write to be writing to have written to have been writing | to be written - to have been written - |
. 3. ) , :
to ask, to do, to help, to make, to translate, to pass, to take, to answer;
b) :
to trouble (), to have troubled, to be working, to have been told, to be invited, to have been working, to be done, to be doing, to have invited, to have lost, to stay, to be answered, to have made, to have been made, to have been reading, to have phoned, to have been asked, to have met, to be met, to have been helped, to be helping, to be helped, to have sent, to have been questioned.
. 4. . :
1. I like to ask questions. . 2. I like to be asked many questions. , . 3. They happened, at the moment, to be asking something about the examination. - . 4. I remember to have asked this question. , . 5. I remember to have been asked this question. , . 6. For about twenty minutes they seemed to have been asking one and the same question formulating it in different ways. , , , - .
. 5. a) : Passive Active:
1. The lecturer wants The students wants (to understand, to be understood). 2. We expected the meeting next month. He expected the attention of the audience (to hold, to be held). 3. Some changes had He wanted some changes in the project (to make, to be made). 4. There were a lot of things He was nowhere (to see, to be seen).
b) Indefinite Perfect:
1. Its good work for the day (to finish, to have finished). 2. She admits the same mistake in her previous paper (to make, to have made). 3. He was sorry not the idea earlier (to give up, to have given up). 4. She confessed the man before (to see, to have seen). 5. The negotiations seem to an end (to come, to have come). 6. The relations between the two countries seem the lowest point (to reach, to have reached).
