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. (sequence of Tenses):




(Sequence of Tenses): , . .

,
, ,
,
Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
, ,
, ,
.


.

The Chairman realised that the posed issue interested all the participants of the meeting. - , .

, ,
,
, Past
Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
.

The Chairman was sure that the meeting had already discussed all the pending issues. - , .

Past Indefinite Past Continuous , , . before after ( -


 


), , . , , .

It was stated that Darwin discovered the law of evolution in the middle of the nineteenth century. - , XIX .

Christopher Columbus started his voyage only after the Spanish mon-archs agreed to finance his expedition. - , .

, ,
, ,

Future in the Past
.

knew that the issue would be discussed the next day. - , .




- ,
,

.



.

A series of investigation proved that water boils at 100 Celsius. - , 100 .

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this these now today tomorrow yesterday ago here The Chairman said: "We shall discuss the issue tomorrow."

that

those

then

that day

the next day

the day before

before

there

The Chairman said we should discuss the issue the next day.

, if whether, who, which, whose, when, why, how many , . , , , , .

My friend asked me: "Are you My friend asked me if I was
writing a new novel?" writing a new novel.

, .

"Hurry up!" ordered the cap- The captain ordered to hurry up. tain.

My brother asked me, "Please, don't play the piano!"

My brother asked me not to play the piano.

to say, to tell, , to ask, .

"Play the piano, please!" sud- My sister suddenly asked me

denly said my sister. to play the piano.

The sergeant said to us, "Do The sergeant told us to do our

your best!" best.


 


 

UNIT 12.

Mass Media

1. , .

Since it was first formed as a company in 1922, the BBC has been a world leader in program production. It has pioneered communications in radio, television and online technologies. John Reith, the BBC's founding father, looked westwards in the 1920s to America's unregulated, commercial radio, and then east to the fledgling Soviet Union's rigidly controlled state system. Reith's vision was of an independent British broadcaster able to educate, inform and entertain the whole nation, free from political interference and commercial pressure. The British Broadcasting Company started daily transmissions on November 14, 1922. "Listening in" to the wireless in the United Kingdom quickly became a social and cultural phenomenon as the BBC in London, and regional stations around the country, gave birth to a new form of mass communication. There was drama, variety, talks, children's programs, popular and classical music and some news but in the early days only after 7 p.m. to avoid upsetting the newspapers. King George V was first heard on radio during a broadcast from the British Empire Exhibition of 1924. The speech was relayed on loudspeakers outside major department stores and the crowds were so large they stopped the traffic in the road. On the eve of World War II, the BBC had already started services to Europe in French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and English.

The BBC's Television Service was created in 1936. Viewers were able to watch King George VI's Coronation Procession, see Wimbledon and the FA Cup Final, enjoy plays and opera and laugh at children's cartoons. The television service was suddenly blacked out for defence reasons on September 1, 1939. World War II was radio's war and the BBC nearly lost it in the opening skirmishes. Listeners wrote in to complain about the new Home


Service, which seemed, to some, to be dominated by organ recitals and public announcements. Winston Churchill had no love for the BBC in the beginning. He called it "the enemy within the gates." The BBC emerged from the war with an enhanced reputation as a news broadcaster, particularly among listeners to the BBC's wartime radio services in the occupied countries. The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953 in Westminster Abbey ushered in the television age.

2. 1 . .

3. , (. 2), 1.

4. , .

1. founding father 2. political interference 3. running commentary 4. organ recital 5. commercial radio 6. commercial pressure 7. editorial independence 8. public announcement

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g

h.

5. , - , .

For 39 days, 16 castaways will be marooned on a tropical island in the South China Sea. They will be forced to band together and carve out a new existence, using their collective wits to make surviving, without any conveniences of the modern world, a little easier. Day by day the location and tropical sun will test the endurance of the castaways. Each three days of island life will result in a one-hour Survivor episode. The survivors must form


 

 

their own co-operative island society, building shelter, gathering and catching food, and participating in contests for rewards. Those who succeed in the day-to-day challenges will be rewarded with things to make island life more bearable - simple comforts like pillows, some cold beer, and clean clothing. Those who fail must do without. On the last day of each three-day cycle, the castaways must form a tribal council. At this meeting, each person places a secret ballot vote to send one fellow castaway home, eliminating him or her from eligibility for the one million dollars. Week by week, one by one, the tribe shrinks until at the end of the final episode, only two survivors remain. At that point, the seven most recently eliminated castaways will return to form the final tribal council and decide who will be the final survivor, the winner of $1,000,000!

5. , 5. .

7. . .

ABC - American Broadcasting Corporation

ABS - American Broadcasting System

BBC - British Broadcasting Company

CBS - Columbia Broadcasting System

CNN - Cable News Network

GMTV - Greenwich Meantime Television

ITN - Independent Television News

ITV - Independent Television

MTV - Music Television

NBC - National Broadcasting Company

& .

ITN is one of the best-known names in news production - and not just in the United Kingdom. As one of the largest and most respected independent news organisations in the world, ITN's unique and original brand of journalism is sought after by other market leaders in news production. With an


extensive newsgathering machine, including a network of video journalists and 13 satellite newsgathering trucks, ITN offers immediate news from the UK as part of the ITN core coverage feed. Subscribers include Reuters TV, CNN, NBC and other prestigious broadcasters around the world. ITN also supplies finished reporter packages to market leaders, including the Channel Nine Network in Australia. Situated in the heart of the newsroom, ITN International is continually forging new partnerships with broadcast news operations around the world. It is now also a key supplier to speciality channels such as Eurosport UK and Bloomberg Television.

, . , .

After 39 days of hard island living, the 39-year old corporate trainer from Newport, Rhode Island, won Survivor. For his troubles and toils, he takes home a million dollars, not to mention a Pontiac Aztek. Viewers may recall Rich's prediction on Day 1 on the island: "I've got the million-dollar check

written in my name."

The final three days of island living saw a nightly Tribal Council. The Final Four castaways (Rudy, Rich, Sue and Kelly) were narrowed down to three, then a final two. Sue was the first to go. Kelly won immunity at the Fallen Comrades Immunity Challenge, a competition in which the final four were quizzed on how much they knew about their former voted-off tribemates. Kelly knew the most, but Sue was a close second. In last place was Rich, ironic given that he's a communications expert yet seemed to know the least about his former tribemates; Rich, however, said he was not surprised by the outcome. With her third consecutive immunity in hand, Kelly was untouchable. Ultimately, after the first tie vote (between Rich and Sue), Kelly switched her vote to join Rudy against Sue. "Sorry," she said after voting off her former island confidante.

With Sue gone, it was left to Rich, Kelly, and Rudy to endure the rite of passage necessary to be crowned winner of Survivor. Starting at dawn, just hours after voting Sue off, the trio slathered their bodies in grey mud and then walked on hot coals. Finally, each had to place one hand on the Immunity Idol. The last castaway to remove their hand would gain immunity. As the equatorial sun rose higher and higher in the sky, all three maintained contact with the carved token. However, Rich removed his


hand voluntarily when offered a snack of orange slice. At four hours and 11 minutes in, Rudy inadvertently removed his while shifting positions, giving the contest to Kelly, now with four consecutive immunity rewards in hand and a guaranteed spot in the final two. This sealed Rudy's fate. Kelly cast the lone vote at that night's Tribal Council, tossing Rudy off the island after 38 heroic days.

The final tribal council would come down to just Kelly and Rich. The final votes would be cast by the seven-member jury of Sean, Colleen, Rudy, Sue, Greg, Jenna and Gervase. Though it's hard to pinpoint exactly which action won victory for Rich, Sue's impassioned speech to the jury will long be remembered as vital to the cause. Saying she "couldn't decide whether to vote for the snake (Rich) or the rat (Kelly)," Sue ultimately argued that the jury decide the way "Mother Nature intended it to be, for the snake to eat the rat." Gerg, true to character, merely had Rich and Kelly pick a number between 1 and 10. Jenna asked an interesting question: If Rich or Kelly could choose two other castaways to be in the final two, who would they be? Rich picked Rudy and Greg; Kelly picked Sonja and Gretchen.

In the end, however, it was just one vote that swung the game to Rich. But that was enough. He rose, and then calmly accepted the congratulations of Kelly and the jury.

10. "Survivor" ( 9). ? "Survivor" . .

11. , , ( ).

(-), 1904 . . - . , , .


, . . , , - . - 74 , 65 62 . - 80 .

121 , , - . , . , . ( ; .)

13. , .

1. The broadened its horizons, providing the world's largest empire
with an Empire Service in 1932. That same year King George V gave
the monarch's first Christmas Message to listeners at home and around
the world. It was scripted by the famous writer Rudyard Kipling.

2. Churchill found the BBC did have its uses. Many of his most famous
wartime speeches went out on the radio, including "This was their finest
hour..." in the summer of 1940.

3. In 1957 the Queen broadcast the Christmas Message on television for
the first time and it was the decade when the BBC faced its first compe
tition. ITV was born on September 22, 1955. The 1950s introduced
some big TV names of the future.

4. The closing years of the Millennium saw BBC programs flourishing.
Costume drama experienced a huge revival that began with the adapta
tion of "Middlemarch," culminated in "Pride and Prejudice" and contin
ued with "Our Mutual Friend" and "Wives and Daughters."


 

6.
7.
8.

5. The close of the twentieth century brought a landmark series that broke all viewing records for documentaries. "Walking with Dinosaus" brought the finest computer animation seen on television to bring to life the pre-historic world of the dinosaurs. It was seen by millions.

The arrival of digital technology was to transform broadcasting. It brings marvellous new opportunities to television and radio - superior widescreen television pictures, interference free radio listening, CD quality sound, extra program services, interactive data and graphics.

The BBC has been broadcasting in analogue since its inception in 1922, but the television and radio airwaves have become getting increasingly crowded. The answer is digital technology, which by compressing the signal is able to use the airwaves far more efficiently.

The millennial theme continued with Castaway 2000, following a group of people who had volunteered to spend a year together on the remote Hebridean island of Tarantsay.

9.

BBC Choice was launched on September 23, 1998 to complement programming on BBC 1 and BBC 2 by scheduling programs in a similar genre alongside. For example, viewers watching a classic adaptation on BBC 1 could turn to BBC Choice for a documentary about the author.

10. BBC Knowledge was launched on June 1, 1999 to bring together educa
tion and learning programs for viewers of all ages and is now replaced
by BBC 4, a channel devoted to international news, culture, arts and sci
ence. In addition the BBC has launched a daily service for young chil
dren - CBeebies - and a daily service for older children CBBC.

11. Viewers can receive new TV services in three different ways - via sat
ellite, ordinary television aerial or cable - and BBC radio is available
via satellite, cable, and the internet.

12. ITN provides ITV with four main bulletins a day: the ITV Morning
News at 5:30 a.m., the ITV Lunchtime News at 12:30 p.m., the ITV
Evening News at 6:30 p.m. and the ITV News at Ten. To complement
the programming, ITN also provides news to the newly launched ITV.

14, . .

In.... November 1997 ITN acquired operating control of.... pan-European television news channel, EuroNews, which broadcasts....


20 hours a day in.... six languages to over.... 94 million households in.... 43 countries. From September.... 2001, in.... deal with.... Russian state broadcaster RTR, EuroNews began broadcasting to.... country in.... Russian language.... 24 hours a day via satellite and.... 12 hours a day on terrestrial television. ITN's programs on.... ITV are.... Lunchtime News,.... Evening News,.... News at Ten and.... Early Morning News, as well as regular news headlines during.... day and night. There are also.... three programs.... day at weekends. Programs on.... Channel 4 include.... fifty minute analysis program,.... Channel 4 News, broadcast at.... 7:00 p.m. each weekday. There are also.... programs on Saturdays and Sundays. In addition ITN produces Powerhouse,.... half-hour program on.... happenings at.... Westminster, shown three times.... week at.... 11:30 a.m. ITN also produces First Edition,.... weekly news and current affairs program aimed at nine-to thirteen-year-olds for.... Channel and is contracted by independent producer, Planet 24, to provide.... news bulletins and headlines as.... integral part of.... Big Breakfast, Channel 4's weekday breakfast program.

15. , .

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, . , , . , . , - ,


. , , .

1916 . . : - - : , -. . , .

16. .

Air

, : to be on (the) air - , to go on (the) air -, / , , to be off the air - . Syn: broadcast, broadcasting

Announcement

l) ; , , (about, of): to issue / make an announcement - , formal / official / public announcement - ; 2) . Syn: advertising, advertisement, commercial

Broadcast

1. n. l) , : TV broadcast - ,
; 2) , : to carry a broadcast -
, to beam a broadcast (to) -
(), to jam a broadcast - ,
, to produce television / radio broadcast -,
/ , educational broadcast -
, outside broadcast - ,
political broadcast - , live broadcast -
. Syn: air, transmission, telecast

2. v. , , ;


Broadcasting

, : direct satellite broadcasting - , domestic broadcasting - , radio broadcasting - , television broadcasting - , broadcasting service - . Syn: transmission, broadcast

news

l) , , : news spreads / travels - , good / bad news - / , sensational news - , shocking / startling news - , unexpected news - , welcome news - ; 2) , , , : to announce / give / spread the news - , to break / flash the news - (, ) , to cover the news - , , to present news - , , to censor (the) news - , to control (the) news - , to cover up / suppress (the) news - , to colour / distort / twist (the) news - , , to listen to news - , to watch the news - , all news format - , , latest news - , morning / nightly news - / , bit / item / piece of news - , , on the news - , news release - , news bulletin - , news dispatch - , news flash - , news service - , news briefs / items / film - , to be in the news - , , foreign news / international news - , , national news - , local news - , political news - . Syn: data, information, intelligence

Production

l) ; ; . Syn: output, produce, productivity; 2) (, ): film/motion


picture production - , television film production - , print production - ( ); 3) ,

Show

, , , ; , , ; : to catch / take in / see a show - , to direct show - / , to do / produce / put on / stage show - , , to sponsor a show - , / , to promote show - , chat show - / , talk show - -, TV show - , moving picture show - , variety show - , , , to be the whole show -

Wireless

1. . , , , : by wire
less - , wireless communication - , directional
wireless - , wireless set - . Syn:
radio

2. v. , ;

17. .

- political broadcast - - moving picture show - - welcome news - - educational broadcast - - to catch a show - - to be on air - wireless communication - - official announcement - unexpected news - - news travels - - - to watch the news - - - domestic broadcasting - -news briefs - - - to flash the news - to produce television broadcast -


- political news - wireless set - nightly news - -public announcement - to cover up news - -to sponsor a show - - to announce the news - to put on show - - - - all news format - - - item of news - - - motion picture production - - .

18. .

Advertisement, advertising, air, announcement, broadcast, broadcasting, commercial, continuity, current events, data, film, information, intelligence, merit, motion picture, movie, moving picture, news, output, picture, produce, production, productivity, radio, receiver, scenario, screen version, screenplay, script, series, show, soap-opera, telecast, transmission, tuner, value, wireless, word from our sponsor, worth.

19. .

1. How did the start its services?

2. What was the attitude of the royalty and the high officials to the BBC?

3. When was the BBC's Television Service created?

4. How is World War II characterised from the point of view of broad
casting?

5. What do you know about ITN?

6. What other broadcasting companies do you know?

20. . .

* A good newspaper, I suppose, is a nation talking to itself.

(Arthur Miller)

* Nearly every man thinks he can do three things, namely, run a newspaper, build a fire and guide the Government.

(Gordon Selfridge)


* The gift of broadcasting is, without question, the lowest human capacity to which man could attain.

(Harold Nicolson)

* An ideal voice for radio should have no substance, no sex, no owner, and a message of importance for every housewife.

(EdMurrow)

* It is said that there are only six jokes in the world, and I can assure you that we can only broadcast three of them.

(James Watt) * The world is a stage, but the play is badly cast.

(Oscar Wilde)

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, , . , . , - , , , :

city desk -

state desk - ( )

national desk -

telegraph desk -

foreign desk -

■ editorial policy of the newspaper -

editor-in-chief-

sub-editor -

news editor -

makeup editor -

picture editor -

correspondent -

roving correspondent -

producer, reporter -

news-gatherer - ,

stringer -

camera-man -

circulation -

mass circulation newspaper -

editorial - ,

feature -

news story - ,

write-up - ,


topical question -

to be of topical interest -

fact-finding interview -

formal interview -

exclusive interview -

opinion interview - -,

> ,
(
, ).

:

George V - George the Fifth - Elizabeth II - Elizabeth the Second - Peter I - Peter the First -

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