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:




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, , () -1, 12 1961. 100 . . , 3 . - .

1965 . -2 24 . . , , , .

1965 . -3 , 1967 . -4 - . .

1969 . -5 --6 , , .


-7, 1970 . , .

: 90 , - 5000 ; , , . , , -8. -8 1972 . .

-9 -10, 1975 ., , . , , . .

, , -9, ; . - .

1978 . - -11 -12, .

-13 -14 1982 . . . , , , .


 

-15 -16 1984 . .

-1 -2, 1984 ., : -. 1986 . , - .

8. , , . , , -. - . , , - .

JOURNALIST: ?

EDWIN ALDRIN: We were up early, ate, and began to suit up. While Mike and Neil were going through the complicated business of being strapped in and connected to the spacecraft's life-support system, I waited near the elevator on the floor below. I waited alone for fifteen minutes. As far as I could see there were people and cars lining the beaches and highways. The surf was just beginning to rise out of an azure-blue ocean. I could see the massiveness of the Saturn V rocket below and the magnificent precision of Apollo above. I savoured the wait and marked the minutes in my mind as something I would always want to remember.

JOURNALIST: - ?

EDWIN ALDRIN: At breakfast early on the morning of the launch, the Administrator of NASA told us that concern for our own safety must govern all our actions, and if anything looked wrong we were to abort the mission.

JOURNALIST: ?

MICHAEL COLLINS: I was everlastingly thankful that I had flown before, and that this period of waiting atop a rocket was nothing new. I was just as tense this time, but the tenseness came mostly from an appreciation of the enormity of our undertaking rather than from the unfamiliarity of the


situation. I was far from certain that we would be able to fly the mission as planned. I think we would escape with our skins. There were too many things that could go wrong. In between switch throws I had plenty of time to think, if not daydream.

JOURNALIST: ?

NEIL ARMSTRONG: The flight started promptly, and I think that was characteristic of all events of the flight. The Saturn gave us one magnificent ride, both in Earth orbit and on a trajectory to the Moon. Our memory of that differs little from the reports you have heard from the previous Saturn V flights.

JOURNALIST: ?

MICHAEL COLLINS: This beast was best felt. Shake, rattle, and roll! We were thrown left and right against our straps in spasmodic little jerks. It was steering like crazy, like a nervous lady driving a wide car down a narrow alley, and I just hoped it knew where it was going, because for the first ten seconds we were perilously close to that umbilical tower.

JOURNALIST: , ?

EDWIN ALDRIN: A busy eleven minutes later we were in Earth orbit. The Earth didn't look much different from the way it had during my first flight, and yet I kept looking at it. From space it has an almost benign quality. Intellectually one could realise there were wars underway, but emotionally it was impossible to understand such things. The thought reoccurred that wars are generally fought for territory or are disputes over borders; from space the arbitrary borders established on Earth cannot be seen. After one and a half orbits a pre-programmed sequence fired the Saturn to send us out of Earth orbit and on our way to the Moon.

JOURNALIST: ?

NEIL ARMSTRONG: This Saturn gave us a magnificent ride. We have no complaints with any of the three stages on that ride. It was beautiful.

JOURNALIST: , ?

MICHAEL COLLINS: It was hard to believe that we are on our way to the Moon, at 1200 miles altitude, less than three hours after lift-off, and I'd bet the launch-day crowd down at the Cape was still bumper to bumper, straggling back to the motels and bars.

JOURNALIST: ?

EDWIN ALDRIN: The separation and docking was a critical manoeuvre in the flight plan. If it did not work, we would return to Earth. There was


also the possibility of an in-space collision and the subsequent decompression of our cabin, so we were still in our spacesuits. Critical as the manoeuvre is, I felt no apprehension about it, and if there was the slightest inkling of concern it disappeared quickly as the entire separation and docking proceeded perfectly to completion and we were heading for the Moon.

, .

The logistics of a.... to Mars are complex to say the least. Before set
ting out into the.... on our way to the...... there are a seemingly endless

number of factors to take into consideration. These factors range from

and trajectories, to crew safety and stay-times, to required resources and
equipment, and much, much more. Every aspect of mission requirements
must be investigated in fine detail before departure because, due to the na
ture of the....., there will be no quick return to, or supplementary supply

from, Earth in the event of the unexpected. Upon Earth departure, the crew

must be completely self-sufficient, flexible enough to adapt to, and they

will undoubtedly require expertise in a wide range of disciplines. A.

must be chosen, mission objectives must be defined, and a commitment must be made. The commitment to a human Mars exploration program

would certainly be an... A...... to Mars currently lies on the very edge of

our..... and the realisation of this ambition would undoubtedly stand as a

testament to the possibilities which technology presents to our civilisation.

Such a mission would give us a more.. of Mars than ever before which

would then, in turn, provide us with a more............... of the processes and evolu
tion of our own planet. A.. to Mars would define a.... of human explo
ration both scientifically and philosophically. The human exploration of

Mars raises valid... of interplanetary biological contamination which must

be addressed before the departure of a.. Furthermore, philosophical is
sues pertaining to our interference with the of another planet must also

be resolved. Indeed, especially if a to Mars is a precursor to human set
tlement of the...., these uncertainties must be thoroughly investigated by

the visionaries who strive to implement a human Mars exploration program. {ambitious undertaking, complete understanding, crewed mission, flight trajectory, landing site, natural evolution, new frontier, new situations, Red Planet, scientific questions, solar system, technological ability, transit vehicles)


10. , .

Exploration of the lunar surface in search of oxygen-rich soil, hydrogen, helium-3, and water, is one of the most important goals that NASA must undertake before establishing a lunar base. With the exception of water, all of these are found in varying concentrations in the lunar regolith. Water is probably more abundant than helium-3 in the lunar regolith, but more studies are needed to confirm this. The most likely place on the Moon where water ice may be found is below the surface in doubly-shadowed craters, which act as permanent cold traps. The most obvious use of water is for life support purposes. Water can also be broken down into its basic elements, hydrogen and oxygen through the process of electrolysis, which uses an electrical current to break apart water molecules. The hydrogen and oxygen are then used as a rocket propellant. Although no ice was found in lunar samples returned by the Apollo astronauts, scientists still speculate that ice may be present deep under the regolith lining select craters. One theory is that the ice was deposited by meteoroids or comets impacting the Moon, uncovering ice deposits at the lunar poles. As is evident from spectroscopic studies, comets are known to contain large amounts of water. The impact of even a single comet would bring in an amount of water comparable to the meteoroid impact mechanism, in which low-velocity meteoroids impact the lunar surface, providing the source of water. Such low-velocity impacts do not heat the meteoroid material to the extreme temperatures necessary for chemical decomposition of water vapour. Except for the very largest impacts, this source is essentially a steady one. Impacts of short-period comets would supply a large amount of water. Both Ty-cho and Copernicus provide direct evidence that such massive comets have impacted the Moon. However, the uncertainties of the estimates of this water source is also very large, since neither the mass distribution nor the impact rate of comets is known very well. Also, the physical models of the phenomena which occur during and immediately after the impact are not well known.

11. .

? : ! -


 




, , , , - . , , , , . . . , - - , , .

, - . , - . , - - , - ? , . , . , , - . - , , , . , , , , , , . , - , . , , , .

, , - , , - - . . , , , , , - ?


. . , .

12. , , - NASA. . . ( ; .)

13. .

1. Scientists are interested in space exploration because today physics,
chemistry, biology, astronomy need new data, which can not be found
on the Earth.

2. For forty years both nations successfully launched more than 5,000 sat
ellites and space probes of all varieties that provided an opportunity to
carry out scientific research and acquire valuable data.

3. The first astronauts who were brought onboard the Mercury program in
April 1959 were volunteer military pilots, graduates of test pilot schools,
and each was required to have a bachelor's degree in engineering or
equivalent, and at least 1500 hours of jet time.

4. The long, hot solar day and low escape speed make it unlikely that Mer
cury has any atmosphere.

5. Although the United States and the Soviet Union made manned flight a
major goal in their space programs, during the 1960s and 1970s, the sci
entists of both countries undertook ambitious planetary studies with un
manned deep-space probes.

6. Since the Earth's own orbital parameters and inherent motions are well
known, the measurements we make of the spacecraft's motion as seen
from Earth can be converted into the sun-centred or heliocentric orbital
parameters needed to describe the spacecraft's trajectory.

7. Jupiter and the other gas planets have high velocity winds which are
confined in wide bands of latitude, the winds blow in opposite directions
in adjacent bands.


 

8. The bands, called zones and belts, have been known for Some time on
Jupiter, but the complex vortices in the boundary regions between the
bands were first seen by Voyager.

9. Jupiter radiates more energy into space than it receives from the Sun.

10. When the spacecraft receives the ranging pulse, it returns the pulse on
its downlink, and the time it takes the spacecraft to turn the pulse around
within its electronics is known from pre-launch testing.

11. After the discovery of Uranus, it was noticed that its orbit was not as it
should be in accordance with Newton's laws.

12. In 1613, Galileo observed Neptune when it happened to be very near
Jupiter, but he thought it was just a star.

14. . .

Science flourished during the European Renaissance. Fundamental physical laws governing planetary motion were discovered. The orbits of the planets around the Sun were calculated. In the seventeenth century, astronomers pointed a new device called the telescope at the heavens. With the help of telescope they made startling discoveries. But this was just the beginning. Scientific knowledge was accumulated through centuries. The second half of the twentieth century amounted to a golden age of solar system exploration. Advancements in rocketry after World War II enabled machines made by humans to break the grip of Earth's gravity and travel to the Moon and to other planets. The United States sent automated spacecraft, then human-crewed expeditions, to explore the Moon. Automated machines orbited and landed on Venus and Mars, explored the Sun's environment, observed comets, and asteroids. They also performed close-range surveys while flying past Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These travellers brought a quantum leap in knowledge and understanding of the solar system. Through the electronic sight and other "senses" of the automated spacecraft, colour and complexion have been given to the planets of the solar system. For centuries they appeared to Earth-bound eyes as indistinct points of light. Dozens of previously unknown objects have been discovered. Future historians will likely view these pioneering flights through the solar system as some of the most remarkable achievements of the twentieth century.


15 .

1. , ,
, ,
: - ,
20 , - - .

2. ,
.

3.
1940- , 1950-

.

4.
:
, ,
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5. , XVIII . ,
,
, XX .

6. ,
, ,

.

7. 1974 . ,
-10, ,
,
.

8. - ,
,
.

9.
- , , -
, - , -
.

10. - -
,
, .


11. ,

- 1781 .

12.
,
,
.

16, flight

: automatic flight control - , auto-controlled flight - , flight simulator - , manned / unmanned flight - / , non-stop flight - , reconnaissance flight - , orbital flight - , space flight - , weightlessness flight -

Orbit

I . I) : to put / place / boost / inject / lift / launch in orbit - , to go into / achieve orbit - , to abort from orbit - , near-earth orbit - , Clark / geostationary orbit - , Earth-centred orbit - , geosynchronous orbit - , circumlunar orbit - , equatorial orbit - , operational orbit - , docking orbit - , meeting orbit - , parking orbit - , , return orbit - , transfer orbit - , comet-observing orbit - . Syn: orb, trajectory; 2) : in orbit, into orbit; 3) , : landing orbit - . Syn: circuit

2. v. , , ;

Planet

, : major planet - , minor planet - , , secondary planet - , , outer planet - (


), inner / interior planet - ( ), artificial planet - , planet flyby -

Probe

1. n. l) , ; , , ; 2)
, -
; : to launch a probe -
- , Earth-circling probe -
, space probe -
, solar probe - , unmanned
interplanetary probe - , interstellar
probe - , atmospheric
probe - , rocket probe -
, hot probe - . Syn: space station, spaceship, satellite, rocket

2. v. l) ; , ,
. Syn: to pierce

Satellite

1. n. l) , : Earth satellite - ,
satellite of Jupiter - , habitable satellite -
; 2) : artificial satellite, satellite station; to
launch / orbit a satellite, to place satellite in orbit -
, to track satellite - , manned satellite -
, robot satellite - , re
search satellite - , manoeuvrable satellite -
, spy satellite - ,
- (syn: spy-in-the-sky), weather satellite -
, communications satellite - , communications relay
satellite - -, satellite broadcasting -
, satellite ground station -
, satellite communication link - , satel
lite photograph / picture - , , satellite
television -

2. v. I) , 2)

Shuttle

, - (),


(): space shuttle; shuttle program - , orbit-on-demand / quick-response / rapid response shuttle - , VTO (vertical takeoff) shuttle - , (horizontal takeoff) shuttle - , SSTO (single stage-to-orbit) shuttle - . Syn: spaceship, spacecraft

Solar

: solar array / battery - , solar core - , solar corona - , solar cosmic rays - , solar day - ( ), solar eclipse - , solar energy - , solar escape velocity - , solar flare - , solar mass - ( ), solar radiation - , solar wind - . Syn: heliac

Rocket

1) : to fire / launch a rocket - , to place rocket on the orbit - , solid-fuel / liquid-fuel rocket - / , single-stage / two-stage / multistage rocket - / / , life rocket - , upper-stage rocket - (), sounding rocket - , rocket engine - . Syn: spaceship, spacecraft, probe; 2) : antimatter rocket - , fusion rocket - , plasma rocket - ()

1 7. .

Clark orbit - - - manned satellite - - - - interstellar probe - to place satellite in orbit -


solar corona - - - - satellite ground station - - - weightlessness flight - - - - - unmanned flight -

-
- - secondary planet - solar probe -
-
- -

- - Earth-centred orbit - satellite station -
- - fusion rocket - docking orbit -
- - - orbit-on-
demand shuttle - rocket engine - space probe - -
solar mass - - .

18. .

asteroid, celestial body, circuit, course, flight, minor planet, missile, orb, orbit, planet, planetoid, probe, rocket, satellite, satellite station, shuttle, space station, spacecraft, spaceship, sputnik, sol, star, sun, trajectory

19, .

1. What are the goals of NASA?

2. Why was the visit to the Moon an important event for humanity?

3. Where does the significance of the human exploration of Mars lie?

4. What are the major stages in the exploration of Venus?

5. What is the place of man in the Universe?

6. Why is it important for mankind to conquer space?

20. . .

* Two things fill the mind with ever increasing wonder and awe. The more often and the more intensely the mind of thought is drawn to them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.

(Jmanual Kant)


* What is inconceivable about the universe is that it is at all conceivable.

{Albert Einstein)

* All astronomical research must in the end be reduced to a visual observation.

(Auguste Compte)

* I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself king of infinite space.

{William Shakespeare)

* Everyone is a moon and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody.

{Mark Twain)

* That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.

{Neil Armstrong)

> - , , . . , . , . . ; , , . , . : , , . , .


, , , , , . . , . . , - . , , .

, , . , .

> . . {oceanus), {mare, pl. maria) {crater). ( , , ) , :

Oceanus Procellarum - Mare Tranquillitatis - Mare Crisium - Mare Frigoris -

. , , :

Tycho - ( - Tycho Brahe) Copernicus - ( - Nicholaus Copernicus)

Kepler - ( - Johannes Kepler)


,


Ptolemaeus - ( - Claudius Ptolemy)

Plato - Archimedes -

> :

Mercury - Venus -

Mars -

Phobos -

Deimos - s Jupiter -

Amalthea -

Io-

Europa -

Ganymede -

Callisto - Saturn -

Tethys -

Calypso -

Dione -

Rhea -

Titan -

Hyperion - Uranus -

Miranda -

Ariel -

Umbriel -

Titania -

Oberon -

Neptune -

Proteus -

Triton -

Nereid - Pluto -

Charon -


> (constellation) . :

Ursa Major - "Big Dipper" -

Ursa Minor -

Canis Major -

Canis Venatici -

Ophiuchus -

Cepheus -

Bootes -

Crux -

Camelopardalis -

Centaurus -

Cetus -

Draco -

Aquarius - Pisces - Aries - Taurus - Gemini - Canser - Leo - Virgo - Libra - Scorpio - Sagittarius - Capriconus -

> : (cosmonaut) (astronaut) - .


- . {cosmonaut) , {astronaut) - . - spaceman, , .

> -.

Hoover Dam - , ,





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