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10. , .
Recent years have witnessed a shift in international macroeconomic the
ory, with the development of a modelling... that widely has become
known as the New Open Economy Macroeconomics. There are a number of
..... within this literature. Resolution of these theoretical is hampered by
the fact that while the theoretical literature on New Open Economy Macroeconomics has grown rapidly, the empirical literature has lagged far behind.
To date there is no work that tests New Open Economy, or compares
one.... to another. While earlier generations of international.. were suc
cessfully evaluated using present value tests, this................ cannot accommodate
the more complex.. of the recent generation. Without empirical testing, it
is difficult to know which.. is preferable. And more generally, it is im
possible to say whether the overall. of the New Open Economy Macro
economics is sufficiently accurate as a characterisation of reality, that it can
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be used reliably for policy..
{approach, debates, models, version, analysis)
11. .
. , - . , - , , , , . 1933 - -, , . , , . 1936 , , . -
, .
, , , , , , , , , . , , : ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; . , - , , - . , , - . , , . , , .
12. . . . .
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13. , .
1. Now nobody is surprised at macroeconomics being reliably used for
policy analysis.
2. Creating a new economic paradigm became a necessity when the tra
ditional approach failed to explain the complexities of modern economy.
3. After aggregating the households, business firms, government and
private sector, one can proceed with the microeconomic analysis.
4. There is a lot of evidence of New Economic Models being tested or
compared.
5. The perspective of underdeveloped nations forming an economic al
liance is unbelievable.
6. "I do not mind you paying the total sum in forty monthly
instalments," agreed the salesman.
7. Specialists intend to organise their considerable resources in an effort to
prevent data from being taken from International Financial Statistics.
8. More money going to the underdeveloped nations will only make
things worth.
9. The task put forward before the commission was creating a new indus
trial index that could serve as an average for various industries.
10. The chairman regretted the foreign delegates' arriving too late to participate in the discussion.
11. By bringing European countries together the common market con
tributes to their individual progress in social spheres.
12. His immediately demanding our withdrawal proved the impossibility
of reaching a compromise.
14. , . .
1. We did not wonder that most students found the issues fascinating al
though some of them complained that the material lacked a unified
theme.
2. The fact that he introduced a new tax without prior consent of the par
liament surprised not only the opposition but the supporters of the Presi
dent as well.
3. The Head of the Department does not approve that some senior lecturers
base their lectures on the articles written in the 1960s and 1970s.
4. There is no wander that although the classic economic literature from
twenty and thirty years ago can be admired because it articulates and
attempts to formalise a number of central policy issues, its limitations
are many.
5. The government can end poverty if it introduces new welfare programs.
6. The bank did not insist that we should pay the debt immediately, but in
stead it introduced a more flexible scheme.
7. The fact that the older literature doesn't deal with many questions that
are central to the policy world of today such as current accounts, gov
ernment budget deficits, speculative attacks, and the implications of the
expanding markets for global securities and derivatives, is most impor
tant.
8. The strength of the Chinese economy lies in the ability to produce as
much low-priced products as foreign countries wish to consume.
9. The idea that one book must cover only one problem does not meet the
demands of today.
10. Today nobody denies that there are no closed economies, there are only
open national economies and the global economy.
11. Before it joined the IMF the government did its best to study carefully
all pros and contras, but finally all the doubts were put aside.
12. The fact that Professor Hoff has devoted a considerable amount of at
tention to provide empirical support for the main concepts and themes is
very important.
15. , .
1.
.
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3. ,
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4. ,
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5. ,
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10.
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16. .
Benefit
1) , ; : common benefit - , incidental benefit - , marginal benefit - , public benefit - . Syn: boon, profit, income, gain,
dividend, yield, good; 2) pi. , ; ; , , : economic benefits - ,
Consumption
1) , ; 2) : aggregate consumption - , per capita / head consumption - , home / national consumption, individual/personal consumption, industrial consumption - , limited / restricted consumption - , public / social consumption - , consumption expenses / price - / , consumption rate - , articles of consumption
Cost
1. n. 1) , ; ; 2) , ,
: factor cost - / , basic / initial cost -
, , hidden cost -
, actual cost - , , added cost -
, comparative cost - , manu
facturing cost - , overall cost -
, cost estimate - , cost-benefit analysis -
, cost of money - , cost curve -
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2. v. 1) , ; 2) , ,
Equilibrium
, , : equilibrium between cost and prices - , long-run / short-run competitive equilibrium - / , market equilibrium - , partial equilibrium - ( - ), equilibrium price - , equilibrium position - , equilibrium national output - , equilibrium market price of risk - ,
Good
\.. 1) , ; : common good - , economic good - , good value - . Syn: boot, profit, advantage, benefit; 2) pi. , , , : agricultural goods - , capital goods - , , commercial goods - , , consumer / consumption goods - , exported goods - () , imported goods - () , day-to-day goods - , final / finished goods - , industrial goods - , spot goods - , original goods - , , , primary goods - . Syn: lines, merchandise, commodities
2. adj. ; ;
Growth
1) , ; 2) , : zero growth - : to foster / promote growth - , to retard / stunt growth - , economic growth - , rapid growth - , untrammelled growth - . Syn: evolution, increase, expansion
Management
1) ; , , : the management - , , , , the management of the transnational corporation - , the management of the mining industry - , active management - ( , ), budgetary management - , capital management - , case management - , economic management - , management activity - , management reform - , one-man management - , , laissez-faire management style - , costs of man-
agement - , management of news - ; 2) (, ); ( , )
Price
1) (for): at a price - , , to bring / command / fetch / get a high price - , to cut / bring down / mark down / lower / reduce prices - , to fix / set prices - , to freeze prices - , to hike / increase / mark up / raise prices - , to maintain prices - , to hold down / keep down price - , prices drop / fall / go down / slump - , prices go up / rise / shoot up / skyrocket - , to quote a price - , to be a price leader - , bargain price - , buying / purchase price - , cost price - , market price - , retail price - , wholesale price - , stiff prices - , . Syn: worth, value
17, .
- untrammelled growth - - wholesale price - - home consumption -cost of money - - capital management - - long-run competitive equilibrium - to hike prices - good value - - original goods - retail price - - - per head consumption - - to quote a price - - hidden cost - - to maintain prices - equilibrium national output - social and individual consumption - - to fetch a high price - aggregate consumption - - marginal benefit - - public benefits - - - consumption expenses - - at a price -one-man management - - economic growth - - economic benefits - cost curve - - equilibrium national product - - final goods - -
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- prices slump - equilibrium market price of risk - .
18, , .
| cost | administration |
| growth | expenditure |
| benefit | merchandise |
| equilibrium | increase |
| good | value |
| consumption | income |
| management | stability |
19. .
1. What is implied under macroeconomics? How did it come into being?
2. What problems does macroeconomics study?
3. What links exist between macroeconomics and economic structure?
4. Does financial integration make it more difficult to achieve macroeco-
nomic stability?
5. How can globalisation ease policies incompatible with medium-term fi
nancial stability?
6. What are the attitudes of buyers and sellers to prices?
20, . .
Patriotism is no substitute for the sound currency.
(Grover Cleveland)
Unfortunately, good economics is not always perceived to be good
politics.
(William Simon)
It needs to be said that the poor are poor because they do not have
enough money.
(Keith Joseph)
There is no such thing as a good tax.
(Winston Churchill)
There are only two guarantees in life - death and taxes.
(Unknown)
> , . , , , .
, , , .
, , . - .
, : company, firm, group, organisation, corporation, association
benefit, boon, profit, income, gain, dividend, yield, good boot, profit, advantage
system of payment, mode of payment, manner of payment currency, paper money, bank note, bill, dollar, greenback, certificate
:
business proposal - offer
federal reserve note - dollar
- . , , .
, , :
account - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
market - ; ; ; ; ; stock - ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ;
, , . . :
joint
joint account - joint bonds - joint ownership - joint stock company - joint venture -
production
mass production -
production and consumption -
mode of production -
production assets -
production line -
profit
gross profit -
net profit -
to derive a profit -
to produce a profit -
to sell at a profit -
profit and loss account -
turnover
turnover of capital - cash turnover - labour turnover - turnover of staff
, . , . :
to produce {) - producer {) - producible {) - product {) - production {) - productive {, ) - productivity {)
to consume {) - consumption {) - consumer {) - consummatory {) - consumerism { )
profit {) - to profit {, ) -profitable {, ) - profitably { ) -profitability, profitableness {, ) -profiteering {, ) - profitless {)
> , , . :
Dow Jones Industrial Average - - , - . , 30 , .
Nasdaq (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) - , -
. 1971 . , .
Nikkei Stock Average - , , 1949 . FTSE 100 (Financial Times Stock Exchange) - . Financial Times 1984 . 100 ( ) . .
DAX 30 (Deutsche Aktienindex) - , 30 1987 . .
40 (Cotation Assistee en Continue) - , 40 1988 . . Standard & Poor's Corporation (S&P's) - 1860 . , . .
> :
Adam Smith -
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations -
