, , :
, - said that the Earth moves round the Sun.
, :
, - said that he get up at seven o'clock every morning.
1. "" ( "?". , " , - (?), ).
| I am = I'm | I shall = I'll | I have = I' ve |
| he is = he's | he will = he'll | he has = he's |
| she is = she's | she will = she'll | she has = she's |
| it is = it's | it will = it'll | it has = it's |
| we are = we' re | we shall = we'll | we have = we've |
| you are = you' re | you will = you'll | you have = you've |
| they are = they' re | they will = they'll | they have = they've |
| I am not = I 'm not | shall not = shan't | have not = haven't |
| is not = isn't | will not = won't | has not = hasn't |
| are not = aren't | should not=shouldn't | had not = hadn't |
| was not = wasn't | would not= wouldn't | he had = he'd |
| were not = weren't | could not= couldn't | need not = needn't |
| cannot = can't |
23.11. "THERE IS (ARE)"
(, there is(are)...)
there is , .
there is - , - ; some, any, many, two . .
: There is a lamp on the table. .
There are some lamps on the table - .
to be "there is(are)" : there is, there are, there was (were), there have(has) been, there had been, there will be.
"there is" :
Is there a telephone in room? - Yes, there is. No, there isn't.
Was there a meeting at the Club? - Yes, there was. No, there wasn't.
Will there be a meeting tonight? - Yes, there will. No, there won't,
"there is" . "not":
There isn't a telephone in this room. There wasn't any water in the bottle. There won't be any meeting tonight. "no":
There is no telephone in this room. There was no water in the bottle. There wi11 be no meeting tonight.
() (Objective with the infinitive) :
to know - ,
to report - ,
to expect - ,
to conside - , ,
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to think - ,
to declare - .:
I want him to help me. - , .
, , "to":
I saw her enter the house. - , .
I heard him sing. - , . :
We noticed the captain appear on the bridge. - , .
, :
to expect - ,
to believe - , ,
to consider - , to know - .
"to be":
I know them to be right. - , .
I suppose him to be fifty. - , 50 ,
I consider him to be a clever. - , .
:
to order - ,
to command - ,
to allow - , ,
to ask - () .
The Captain ordered the cases to be loaded. - .
The Customs allowed the goods to be discharged. - .
I expect the cargo to be loaded at once. - , .
:
- :
to say - ,
to report - ,
to announce - ,
to consider - ,
to believe - , ,
to suppose - ,
to expect - ,
to know - ,
to see - ,
to hear - .
He is said to live in Odessa. (It is said that he lives in Odessa).- , .
The ship is reported to have left Odessa (It is reported that the ship has left Odessa). - , ;
- :
to seem,
to appear - ,
to prove - ,
to happen, to chance - ,
:
seems to know English well (It seems that he know English well) - , ;
- :
likely - ,
unlikely - ,
certain - ,
sure - ,
-:
They are likely to come soon (It is likely that they will come soon). - , .
They are certain to come to Odessa (It is certain that they will come to Odessa). - , , .
.
Indefinite:
He is said to live in Odessa. -, .
was said to live in Odessa. - , .
Continuous:
He is said to be writing a new book. - , .
Perfect: He is said to have lived in Odessa, - , .
Perfect Continuous:
The goods are reported to have been awaiting shipment for several days. - , .
should would, could might + .
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if :
If he were here. he would help us. - , .
I should go there if I had time. - . .
I wish he were with us. - , .
If he should refuse, they would be disappointed. - , .
