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A, X, dim(x)=n e1, e2,..., en - X. A e1 = (a11,...,an1),..., A en = (a1n,...,ann) e1, e2,..., en.

, .

, , n- , n; - n , .

, y = A x X, , , A.

, , . X e = {e1,..., en} e' = {e'1,..., e'n}. Ae A e Ae' e'

- e e' .

, , :

1. + = +.

2. ( +) + = + ( + ).

3. + = .

4. () + = .

:

1. ) = ( ).

2. () = ().

3. ( + ) = + , ( + ) = + .

, , :1. = ; 0 = ; (1)= . 2. β ) .3. = + β . 4. ( + ) = + .

 

 

28 . . .

, R , R R.

9.1. , λ :

( + )= + , ) = λ . (9.1)

9.2. , .

: = .

1, 2, 3, . , 1, 2, 3, . , :

1 = 11 1 + 21 2 +31 3,

2 = 12 1 + 22 2 + 32 3, (9.2)

3 = 13 1 + 23 2 + 33 3.

1, 2, 3 . (9.2) .

. , .

=1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 , : =`1 1 + `2 2 + `3 3, x`i :

`1 = a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3,

x`2 = a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3, (9.3)

x`3 = a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3.

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