2.1. 6,75 18,75 . . 16 /. (: 9 /; 25 /).
2.2. : 64,9 % 35,1 % . 35,45 /.
(: 3).
2.3. 25 , : 25 + 3MgO = Mg3(PO4)2;
P2O5 + MgO = Mg(PO3)2.
(: 23,7 /; 71 /).
2.4. , 5,6 ?
(: 0,5 ).
2.5. 0,943 33 1,291 . .
(: 41 /).
2.6. , 8,34 0,68 . +2. (: 68,7 /).
2.7. , 1 0,1544 . (: 4).
2.8. Al(OH)3 , :
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O;
Al(OH)3 + 2HCl = AlOHCl2 + 2H2O;
Al(OH)3 + HCl = Al(OH)2Cl + H2O.
2.9. (III) , 0,2 0,3 (III). (III) ?
(: 7,13 ).
2.10. 1,3 2,85 . . (: 9 /).
2.11. 22 8,4 . . ? (: 29,33 /; 4,2 .).
2.12. , 1 1,07 . 16 /. (: 5).
2.13. 34 , :
34 + = 24 + 2;
34 + 2 = 24 + 22;
34 + 3 = 34 + 32.
2.14. 6 . ? (: 67,2 ; 22,4 .)
2.15. , 2,98 , 2,2 . . (: 39 /).
2.16. 56,2 /. . (: 87,54 %).
2.17. , , NH3, H2O, CH4.
|
|
2.18. , 7,2 28,2 . 35,45 /. (: 12,15 /).
2.19. 9,797 7,998 NaOH. , 34 . .
(: ½ H34; 49 /; 2).
123,3 . 1,555 1,415 . . (: 35,5 /).
, . . . , , , . , 11. , +11. 11 11. , .
: , . , . , , ().
. n , .. . n 1, 2, 3, 4 n . (n =1); n . , , , , . . :
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
K L M N O P Q.
, , , .
, . . l. l : l 0 (n 1), . . 0, 1, 2, 3 (n 1). , l, . :
|
|
l 0 1 2 3
s p d f.
, l =0, 1, 2, 3 s-, p-, d-, f- . s-, p-, d-, f- . s-, p-, d-, f- , s-, p-, d-, f- .
n. , (n =1) (s), (n =2) (s p), (n =3) (s, p, d), (n =4) (s, p, d, f). . O (n =5), P (n =6), Q (n =7) . n s -, p-, d-, f- .
, ml. ml , l +l, . l (2l+1) . ml , .
s - l =0 ml : ml =0. , s - s -, . p - l =1 ml : 1, 0, 1, . . - - . d - l =2 ml: 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 , , d -, . f - l =3 ml: 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . f- . f- .
( ). s - - , p - , d - - , f- - .
, , n; , n; , , ml. n, l, ml .
, . . ms ( ). ms : +½ ½. ↓↑.
n, l, ml, ms . . , . n, l, ml, ms. ms +½ ½. , . 2 n 2, 2(2 l +1). , , . 2.1.
|
|
, . : , , (n+l), (n+l) n.
. ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4, ( ) s, p, d, f. , . , 16S 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 4, 23V 1 s 22 s 22 p 6 3 s 23 p 63 d 34 s 2.
, , , . . . , : [Ne]3 s 23 p 4; : [Ar]3 d 34 s 2. , .
, , 4 : s-, p-, d-, f- . , s- , s- . s- s - . - - . p- s- . d- d- s- d- . f- f- .
, . . : , . , , .
16S 23V
- S ms = ½ ½ + ½ + ½ = 1; d - S ms = ½ + ½ + ½ = 3/2.
, , , ,
16S3 s 2 3 p 4 ; 23V3 d 34 s 2 .
. , s -, - d -.
15Ѕ 3 s 2 3 p 3 .
, , 3. 3 s s - d -:
|
|
* 3 s2 3 p 3 3 d 1
(l3) (Cl5) .
3.1. . d - i?
. (Ti) 22. , +22 . 4 , 4- : 22Ti 2, 8, 10, 2. 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 63 d 24 s 2.
d - : .
, d -.
3.2. : l, ml, ms? .
. , , . , l, ml, ms, n. , , 1 s 22 s 22 p 5, 1 s 1 2 s 1 :
1 s 1 n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = ½;
2 s 1 n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = ½.
3.3. 5 d 6 s; 4 f 6 p?
. (n + l). 5 d (n + l) (5+2) = 7, 6 s (6+0) = 6. , , 6 s, 5 d. 4 f 6 (n + l) (4+3) = 7 (6+1) = 7. (n + l) n, , 4 f.
3.4. Fe3+ S2.
. 26Fe 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 63 d 64 s 2. , : Fe0 3e → Fe3+. . Fe3+ 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 63 d 54 s 0. 16S 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 2 3 p 4. S0 + 2e → S2, S2, 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 6.
3.5. 3 3.
. 3 3: . : n, l, ml, ms. n . n 3. -, , l =1. , . ml, l. l =1, ml 1, 0, 1 ( ml ). ms +½ ½. , 3 3 :
n = 3, l = 1, ml = 1, ms = ½ ( ½);
n = 3, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = ½ ( ½);
n = 3, l = 1, ml = 1, ms = ½ ( ½).