1. = () ( ). .
2. ( ) Û (). .
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. .
: (OH)2 = Ca2+ + 2OH- : HCl = H++Cl- : Na2CO3=2Na++CO32- KH2PO4=K++H2PO4- H2PO4-ÛH++HPO42- HPO42-ÛH++PO43- AlOHCl2ÛAlOHCl2 = AlOH2++2Cl- AlOH2+ÛAl3++OH- | : Fe(OH)2 ÛFeOH+ + OH- 1 FeOH+ÛFe2++OH- 2 : H2CO3ÛH++HCO3- I HCO3-ÛH++CO32- II : 1. Zn(OH)2ÛZnOH++OH- . ZnOH+ÛZn2++OH- 2. H2ZnO2ÛH++HZnO2- . HZnO2-ÛH++ZnO22- : H2OÛH++OH- |
.
( ) ( ) .
. :
: | - , |
m - , | |
m- - , | |
V - , | |
ρ - , / | |
: | % - , % |
m - , | |
m- - , | |
, , 1 3 (1 ) : | - , ; |
- ( ) , | |
V - , 3 () | |
m - , | |
- , / |
. . (. . 67 71).
, . , .
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, , . .
KNO3+H2O ¹; pH=7.
/ .
, , , NH4Cl:
NH4Cl = NH4++Cl -
NH4+:
NH4+ + HOH Û NH4OH + H+ ( H+ ).
:
NH4Cl + H2O Û NH4OH + HCl ( < 7).
, , : Na2SO3:
Na2SO3 = 2Na+ + SO32 -
SO32 -:
1- : SO32 - +HOH Û HSO3 - +OH - ( OH - ).
1- :
Na2SO3 + H2O Û NaHSO3 + NaOH ( > 7).
.
((NH4)2CO3, Al2S3 ..), , . : Û =, :
NH4ClO = NH4+ + ClO -
NH4+ + ClO - + HOH = NH4OH + HClO
NH4ClO + H2O = NH4OH + HClO
K (HClO) = 3×10-8 < K (NH4OH) = 1,8×10-5, , , > 7.
, + -, . .
:
Al 2(SO4)3 + K2 S + H2O
2Al3+ + 3S2 - + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S
Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2S + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2S + 32SO4
pH 7
7.-
()
- , , . :
+4 -1 +2 0
MnO2 + 4HCl = MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O