∆ = =
:
- , ;
- , .
, , , .
, , . , . - .
. , , .
, . .
:
= (5)
(; ; ; d) (∆ = ):
)
∆() =
)
∆() =
)
∆() =
) d
∆(d) =
)
∆ =
, , .
³ , , - .
=D :
1. :
ΔB% =
ΔC% =
ΔD% =
2. :
ΔA(B) =
ΔA(C) =
ΔA(D) =
- , , . ᒺ (), () .
.
|
|
():
I = , (6)
³ (g) () :
I = .
(Ig) :
Ig = ; I = , (7)
, :
∆(g) = ;
∆() = .
, = . .
- , .
, , , , , 䳿 , .
, .
. :
1. z = (8)
∆ z() = ;
∆ z() =
, . .
, , . ' :
- , ;
- .
:
1. . , . : 500 , 200 ., 500 200 = 100 . . .
2. . , , . : 22 . 20 , 20000 . , 2 .(22-20), 40 (2 20000), 2000 (40000 / 20), . .
|
|
3. : , , . : . 12 ., 15; 1 3,4 . ., 4,0 . ., :
- :
↑ = ( - ) = (15 - 12) 3,4 = 10,2
↑ = ( ) = (4,0 - 3,4) 15 = 9,0
- :
= = 12 3,4 = 40,8
= = 15 3,4 = 51,0
= = 15 4,0 = 60,0
↑ = = 60 40,8 = 19,2
↑ = = 51 40,8 = 10,2
↑ = = 60 51 = 9,0
- :
↑ = ↑ ½ ( + ) = (15 - 12) ½ (3,4 + 4,0) = 7,4
↑ = ↑ ½ ( + ) = (4 3,4) ½ (12 + 15) = 8,1
. ҳ .