, . - , . , .
. ³ , . (NCP), , , .
. 12.1.
! , IP- -- . RFC 1661.
(Multilink ),
(RFC 1990).
____^__________________________________
12.2.
(Internet Control Message Protocol RFC-792, 1256) , . - IP-. TCP/IP. , IP, , , , , , , . ' IP.
-> -; > ; ^ ;
+ ;
-> . - ( -, ) 1-.
-. 1. ϳ Ping - . , IP-, .
2. , - " ".
3. , (quench-) .
4. , ' , -
. , ( 500-600 ) , .
5. . - " ".
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ARP
IP- IP- . . , IP - ARP Request Packet - IP- , '. , 䳺 ARP, , IP- , . - , .
ARP ; 2 , , 10 . , . - FFFFFFFFFFFF, .
ARP
ARP , . ( Ethernet) -1, , IP. .
12.4. (NAT)
' () - , VPN, . , IP- . .
NAT (Network Address Translation) .
-, NAT "''' IP- Internet "" '. , , "" IP-.
-, NAT IP- , , , .
NAT IP- ( ) (private) :
10.0.0.0------------------------ 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0------------------------- 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0------------------------- 192.168.255.255.
ֳ ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) "".
' . .
̳ 㳿 NAT (-), . (. 12.3).
NAT. NAT. , ', ( ).
NAT:
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> NA T (Basic NA ),
" NA (Network Address Port Translation
(NAPT)).
г NAT
Basic NAT IP-. : .
, "" . "" "" , - .
NAT , Internet ' ( ).
NAPT IP-. IP-, . , , NAPT . ³ ( IP-, TCP/UDP ) -> ( IP-, ).
.
, NAPT. 㳿 NAPT '.
㳿 NAT .
' . ³, IP . . , , NAT . FTP, DNS . NAT , (Application Level Gateway (ALG)). FTP ALG, DNS ALG .
12.5. IP v>6
IP 4 . IP- . , IP- 2005 - 2010 . , IP v.4
, . , 80- pp. IP. 1995 p. IETF RFC 1752 IP - IP v.6,
³ IP v.6 IP v.4
IP v.6
IP v.6 . ³ :
>
;
> (link)
(intra-subnet router).
;
> (subnet)
;
> .
IP v.6 2128 . , 6,65 1023 . , - ( , ).
IP v.6 䳿 - , . , () ( ) . ' . -
( - ) . .
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128- 64- 64- . IP v.6 , . .
(ISP) . .
16- , :. 21 DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
, . 16- . ;,
CIDR : 21DA:D3::/48 .
(Unicast)
䳿 . & 䳿- . (Multicast)
. , .
(Anycast)
, - .
:
[ * - . , 11 .
(Looback) . 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0:1 .
䳿. , , , .
IP v.6 , . 12.5.
-. - - , , IP Options, -
\/ rtri'JTJClUirW -ջ f\1S\ һ**^1>*'
. , , .
Ver , . , . Total length, Pay load Length, , . , . ( 0-7) , , (8 - 15) - . , . Flow Label , . . Protocol, ' Next Header. , . , (. 12.6). v.6
IP v6 v.6. v.4 - , . :
* (Neighbor discovery) - MA C , .
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(Multicast Listener Discovery). IGMP, IP v.4.
UDP
^ UDP (User Datagram Protocol, RFC 768) - , IP. ³ .
IP- , (, 12.7).
UDP NFS, RPC, SNMP. ³ . multimedia .
UDP UDP-, 0. , (), , (, SNMP , 161. ' SNMP).
, UDP-, 쳭 . UDP .
/etc/services, :
Telnet 23/tcp :
/
netstat 15/tcp
smtp 25/tcp
echo 7/udp
time 37/udp
time 37/tcp