. BNC -' (. 6.4). RG 58C/U. -
, -
. . 185 .
10Base-T- Ethernet (Twisted Pair Ethernet)
'- (. 6.5). - 100 - 160 .
Base-F - Ethernet (optical fiber Ethernet)
, - . - 2 . (point-to-point
connection), , , * Ethernet .
Ethernet
1993 . Ethernet. , 10 /. , - . 20 /. Ethernet , . , , Ethernet , . Ethernet - .
lOBase Ethernet 1024 , 1000 ( ). . Ethernet -. Ethernet . 6.6.
̳ 64 , -1518. , , -802.3 ( ), , . , () . , , 1500 .
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet ' 㳿,
. Fast Ethernet IEEE 802 1992 . IEEE 802.3u. Fast Ethernet , - Gigabit Ethernet.
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Fast Ethernet " ", . - . . ³ 100 .
- 210 . ̳ - . ' , , , Fast Ethernet (. 6.7). -
- 100Base-T Fast Ethernet.
- 100BaseTX 5;
100BaseT4 3;
^ 100BaseFX ~ - . 1300 ;
^ 100Base-SX. . 850 .
Fast Ethernet . 802.3 II. - . . .
, . 100BaseT4,100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, . II , , . , II , II .
II uplink-, ( MDI-X), , ( MDI). ' - 5 .
. II.
? , .
100 0,55 . - 0,35 0,7 . 0,25 .
Ethernet , .
, 糿 , 100BaseT 5,12 .
Gigabit Ethernet
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet. 㳿 . , FDDI Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet 㳿 Fiber Channel,
|
|
800 /, 1,25 / 1 /.
1995 . 100Base-T, . Ethernet. 1996 . IEEE-802.3z Ethernet 1000 /. Gigabit Ethernet IEEE-802.3z , - , 25 1998 . -802.3. 㳿 - Gigabit Ethernet Alliance (GEA), ' 80 .
1000 Base Ethernet :
> 1000Base-SX. - , 275 ( 550, );
^ 1000base-LX. , - - . 5000;
> 1000base-LH- - 100 ;
1000Base-CX. 25 ; ;
^ lOOOBase- . 6, 7. - 100 . - 200 .
Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet / . . Gigabit Ethernet , 64 ( 64 ) 512 . 64 512 , - 1500 9000 . Fast Ethernet . , 1000Base-T ' -
^-------- II
, - (4D Trellis Forward Error Correction). (0/1), ': -2, -1,0,1,2. - 2/2 -1/1, 0 .
1000Base-T 125 . . , 125 4 = 500 . 2 . 500 -2=1 /.
lOGigabit Ethernet
2002 . 䳺 IEEE 802.3ae. ³ 10 Gb/s, -802.3.
䳺 ;
> ;
-> , (SDH, SONET),
¥ GE, , , 10GE . /, ;
-> Ethernet Ethernet -______ .
.
(Distributor/Collector), . , , , .
|
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10GB Etrhernet . :
Ethernet
Ethernet - . . Ethernet , . Ethernet- 50 - 60 % . FDDI, ATM, . , Ethernet- . Ethernet- 㳿 , Ethernet . Ethernet / .
6.2. Token Ring
& Token Ring (TR) - 㳿 .
60- pp. . 1981 . 1985 . IEEE 802.5 Token Ring 4 /. - 4 16 /. 1998 . IEEE 802.5t Token Ring 100 /. 1000 /. Token Ring IBM.
Token Ring (. 6.8). (Network Interface Card (NIC)). , . - . 䳺 Netbios. (Multistation Access Unit (MAU)) -
(lobe cable). MAU ' . ' , MAU . MAU '-
"" . MAU . - ( ).
Token Ring .
^ - , .
, , ,
, . . LLC- -.
Token Ring Ethernet. 㳿 Token Ring , , . TR, , Ethernet. Token Ring TR. 㳿 (FDDI ATM). - Ethernet.
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6.3. FDDI
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) , ' . 59.5 ANSI. 㳿 FDDI - ( ). 100 /. FDDI 200 . 2,5 . - 1000. FDDI , (LAN) (MAN) DQDB.
FDDI -- . - SDDI CDDI. SDDI (STP). -100 . CDDI , .
FDDI Token Ring, , .
FDDI 45, 4- 5- , 100 / 125 /.
Token Ring, FDDI _.
, . FDDI Token Ring. , ( ) ( )
FDDI . , , FDDI. ³' - .
6.4. Fiber Channel
bFiber Channel (FC) - , A NSI IBM HP. 10. , - .
Fibre Channel 㳿 (. 6.9):
"^ ;
^> ;
^ (Fabric).
' , .
. ' 127 . . , .
. 16 . . .
Fibre Channel Fibre Channel . 1, 2, 3. . Intermix , .
1 . , 䳿 ' . 1 , , .
2 , . . 2 .
3 2, . ³ . -, .
Fiber Channel, , . (SAN).
6.5. .
, , , .
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^ (Campus Distributor) CD;
^ ;
^ (Building distributor) BD;
<> ^
^
^ (Floor distributor) FD; ^ (horizontal cable);
^ ( , Consolidation
point) (');
-^ ' (Telecommunications
. - .
;
*t> 10002 FD. :
FD . , FD ;
*> ' 102 . 2 ';
> ' (. 6.11).
++ <= 10- , Dz* ;
D <= 20 - - BD CD;
F G <= - BD CD.
ISO/IEC 11801 5, 6, 7(D,E,F).
, .
90 .
ϳ
: ^; ^; ^; > .
* - . - . FDDI, Fast-Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet .
ϳ . . . ()
* - : . . .
ϳ RJ/45 ' (patch cord).
, , . : ^- , >, > . 10-15 , . , , , .
' , -. , -
. ϳ (, , , , ) (, 5, D). MOD-TAP, Reichle&deMassari (Freenet), AT&T (SYSTIMAX), Northen Telecom (IBDN) .
f?J
1. Gigabit
Ethernet:
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
2. 45:
) ' ;
)
;
) ;
) 100Base-TX.
3. 100Base-TX:
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
4. :
) Ethernet;
) .
5. /:
) , ;
) , ;
) , ;
) . ?
Ͳ Ʋ
7.1.
' . ' ' " " (Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)), . , , ' . Ⳮ "anytime, anywhere", ' . , ' , .
^ 㳿 -
, . ﳭ : .
, , :
*1> ;
^ ;
\ ;
^ VWB ;
% ;
**> '.
, 㳿 䳿:
> (Irda, UWB, Bluetooth);
> (Bluetooth, UWB);
> (Wi Fi);
> (WiMAX);
^ ( , ).
. . FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) - , TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) , .
SST (Spread Spectrum Technology) . . SST . SST:
> FH-SS.
;
> DH-SS. " "
.
SST , . " ".
7.2. IrDA
( 1,5 4,5 . ), . ( ).
Infrared Data Association (IRDA). , IRDA .
IrPHY (Infrared Physical Layer Specification) .
, > , > > .
, -
. 1 ., , . LrDA , "" . 5 - 60 .
- . , "" .
SIR, MIR FIR. SIR (Serial Infrared) (9600 /, 19,2 /,..., 115,2 /), RS 232C. MIR (Medium Infrared) 0,57 1,15 /. FIR (Fast Infrared) 4 /. , VFIR (Very Fast Infrared) - 16 / UFIR (Ultra Fast Infrared) - 100 /.
IrLAP (Infrared Link Access Protocol) - . , . IrLAP . , - . .
IrLMP (Infrared Link Management Protocol) - , : LM-MUX (Link Management Multiplexer) LM-IAS (Link Management Information Access Service).
LM-MUX / . LM-IAS , .
Tiny TP (Tiny Transport Protocol) ~ ' , , .
IrCOMM (Infrared Communications Protocol) - ' , .
IrOBEX (Infrared Object Exchange) - ' (, , ). Tiny .
*-'- ..
IrLA N (Infrared Local A rea Network) - .
7.3. Bluetooth
+Bluetooth - . ij 1 - 100). , ' . - , , , ( 7.1).
Bluetooth 1994 . Ericsson. 㳿 , , XX . ' , . 1997 . --. 1998 . SIG, Ericsson, IBM,
Intel, Nokia, Toshiba. 1999 p. . ϳ BlueTooth IEEE 802.15.1.
Bluetooth 2.45 . . ϳ (FHSS) - 1600 1 . , . , - FHSS/TDMA. - 1 /. .
Bluetooth :
^> 1 (1 ) - 10 1 ;
> 2 (2.5 ) - 10;
^ 3 () - 100.
Bluetooth ' (piconets), (10 - 100 ) . .
ʳ (79), .
', (scatternet). , , . .
7.4. UWB
II * Ultra wide band technology (UWB) - mex- || .
UWB 100 / ( ). , (, ).
UWB . -
- , ( UWB ). IEEE 802.lib CDMA, ( - ). Ѳ (FCC) UWB 7.5 .
UWB . , UWB , .
, UWB , WLAN. UWB - ( ) ( ).
UWB 㳿 - . . , . - . , 㳿 . 㳿 , , , .
, UWB, . Wireless USB, Bluetooth, ZigBee. IEEE IEEE 802.15. UWB .
7.5. Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.11 - . IEEE 802.1 lb; 11 Mbps . 2.4 . , -
. IEEE 802.1 lb Wireless LAN (WLAN)).
IEEE 802.11 . 볭 , .
r> IEEE 802.11 , Ethernet (Wired Ethernet), .
> IEEE 802.lib 11 / 14 2.4 .
5^ IEEE 802. 54 /. 5 . 12 . 5.15-5.25, 5.25-5.35 .
^ IEEE 802. llg- 22 /. 2.4 . IEEE 802. lib, , .
Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) - IEEE 802.1 lb Wi-Fi compatible (Wireless Fidelity).
(Access points) (. 7.2). , IEEE 802.11, () . , 糭 . , DHCP, NAT, DNS . (Wireless LAN -WLAN). |
Wi-Fi ,
(residential gateways), ".
Գ
IEEE 802.11 (Physical Layer (PHY)), -. IEEE 802.11 . :
IEEE 802.1 lb DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum); 14 , 2,4 - 2,4835 . - :
> , ;
> (1.0, 2.0, 5.5, 11.0 /) , ;
> , : . ;
*3> , . ҳ 1, 6 11 .
IEEE 802. 48 -. (PSK) (QAM) . , . Գ IEEE 802. OFDM PHY.
IEEE 802.llg OFDM PHY, .
ϳ . ³ PHY. IEEE 802.11 - DCF (distributed coordination function) PCF (point coordination function). DCF
DCF
** DCF- -- (Carrier Sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)).
CSMA- , . NAV, . . , , NAV. CSMA- , , .
, . , IEEE 802.3. , , . -, .
DCF PCF, . . , . , .
- IEEE 802.11 :
> . . . ' . . () . , . , . , , . , , , -
.
^ . . : . ', . , . . , .
> . , . ; . , . ϳ .
7.6. Wimax
" Wimax" (WirelessMAN) . Wimax 㳿 Wi-Fi.
IEEE 802.16 Wimax, 10-66 GHz. .
, IEEE 802.16, 2003 , , (2-11 GHz) .
Գ
Wimax:
^ Գ (Single Carrier PHY);
"^ г , , ' (256point FFT OFDM PHY);
^ г 2048 - '.
IEEE 802.16 .
䳭 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). . , , , , .
IEEE 802.11, Wimax . ³ . .
Wimax , DSL , , , .
Wimax 70 / .
7.7. 㳿
. , . 㳿 :
> 1G 㳿. 80- pp. 㳿.
;
> 2(㲯\ 90=< ;
> 2,5 G 㳿. 2001 . , , Internet;
V 3G 㳿. 㳿 . 2 /. .
ֳ 㳿 .
, . .
- 䳭 . - . ( ). (. 7.3).
, , TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). . AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) ( ), NAMPS, PDC ( 25 , ), GSM ( 200 , ).
㳿 GSM CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), .
GSM
GSM 80- pp. , ᳭ Group Special Mobile . GSM ' 90- pp. GSM , .
GSM ( 7.4).
(MS - Mobile Station) . ' (BTS - Base Tranciver Station). - ($ - Subscriber Identification module). SIM - . (Ų -international Mobile Equipment Identity). SIM , , SIM- .
-
=----.
' '. ' 䳿 .
. ³ , .
(Base Station Subsystem, BSS).
(Mobile services Switching Center - MSC) , , . :
> (HLR - Location Register);
> - (Visitor Location Register - VLR);
> (Equipment Identity Register - EIR);
(Authentication Center-AuC).
GSM (Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM) (Time Division Multiplexing, TDM).
, GSM 900 890 -960 . ³ , , - . 20 , GSM 124- .
.
ϳ . - , .
' . . (location area).
, -. Ⳮ . , 孺 . ϳ , .
-. . - - , . ϳ .
GPRS
GSM , - (SMS) . (General Packet Radio Service, GPRS). ³ , '.
GPRS . . , , . , .
GPRS 9,6 / 14,4 / ' . 114 /.
GPRS GSM. GPRS :
> SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) GPRS;
> GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) GPRS.
SGSN 䳿 , -
. GGSN (Internet, GPRS).
GPRS, , GPRS, , SGSN ( ). SGSN GGSN.
CDMA
CDMA SST (DH-SS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum), "" . . , . , . :
^ . - . ;
^> . , , . (-
/)jjh? {ﳳ } ( 7 ^)
-fading) (. 7.5);
> , 䳿 곭 㳿 ' ;
$> Ⳮ , ,
, , .
, , 1,25 , ( ).
CDMA , . , , . , , . , 1,25 18 . ' , AMPS.
CDMA 쳭 , .
, CDMA-, . ' , (hard handoff, break before make). . 㳿 CDMA , . " , .
㳿 6DMA , PCS (Personal Communication Services), , '. 㳿 . , CDMA - 40 % , GSM - , AMPS. CDMA -
!... *
, . 7.8.
VSAT
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) , 40 . . ' 3 . VSAT:
, ( 250 , - 15 ). VSAT '. - , -- ' . , bhkoj ˲ CTDVKTVDV. |
> 2 /;
>
;
>
.
. , VSAT .
(Low Earth
Orbit(LEO)), VSAT,
. 100
, .
.
, . ' .
:
HHridium - ( 4- ). ϳ (66 6 ), 780 .
11 # Thuraya - 99 , 糿, .
^Globalstar - 48- ( 4) 70- 70- . , Globalstar .
& Inmarsat - . 㳿 . , , .
, , , , 䳿 , ' .
?1
1. (20 - 50 ):
a) Bluetooth; ) WiMax; ) Wi-Fi; ) .
2. 㳿 DH-SS:
) ;
)