. .
( ). dz Internet . , , . .
. ³ - - . , - -. , - ( ), . .
TV , , -
. , ^, ^>-- ^.
. 6 . , . Internet 6 , . 2 , , , , , . , , .
, 1000 Internet . - /. . , , .
DSL, ' , ᳭ , . , , DSL ᳭ , .
' Multimedia Cable Network System (MCNS) DOCSIS (Data Over Cable System Interface Specification). . , Ѳ 䳿 , CMTS-NSI - 䳿 , ; CMTRI , .
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9.3. DSL
DSL " " .
, .
㳿 DSL 1988 p., Bell Labs , . Bell Labs , 볺 , . DSL 90- pp., . DSL .
DSL , "" DSL. " ' , (4 ). DSL .
³, , , . , 볭. DSL 2B1Q, CAP, DMT. ֳ . 㳿 DSL , .
DSL:
^ HDSL (High bit rate DSL) , 1,5-2,0 /;
A DSL (Asymmetric DSL) , ( ) ; Internet (nop. 㳺 DirecPC); 1,5-6 /, 64 - 640 /;
^ RADSL (Rate Adaptive DSL) - , ( ). 600 / - 7 / 128 / - 1 / SDSL (Single line Symmetric DSL) . 384 /;
> VDSL (Very High bit rate DSL) : -51 /, - 1,6 2,3 ³ 100- 300.
㳿 xDSL \ . 㳿 Universal ADSL Working Grou 1997 p. UADSL. : , plug and play, 300 $, 1,5 /. 1998 p. UT1 G.Lite ADSL UADSL.
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9.4.
v , . , , , .
; , , .
> ;
> ,
;
> Internet;
> .
.
< 䳿 . ', , . SST . , .
, , , '. , .
, , () . -
, ' . .
9.5. DirecPC
^^ L^nipj' JVt^JOCinn . . |
. 9.4. (, RS-232 ). |
DirecPC (. 9.5). 㳿 ' Internet. : ' . ' -
. 0,4 - 3,0 /. , .
' , . 䳺 볺 ' . 볺 ' Internet. 볺 - Internet . IP- . IP-, '-볺. , , ' 볺 . ,
^ """""i'iisl
.
DirecPC Hughes Network Systems (HNS). 1995 .
DirecPC NetSat Direct. 㳿, ( 19.2 /). .
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f?J
1. DirecPC:
) '
;
) ;
) ;
) IP- .
2. :
) ;
) 䳿, ;
) ;
) 䳿.
3. DSL:
) ;
) ;
) DSL, - ;
) .
4. TV:
) ;
) ;
) ;
)
10 Ͳ Ʋ
10.1. X. 25 Frame Relay
.25 - ITU-T , :.
, . .25 " ".
.25 ITU Study Group VII . 60- pp. , 1974 . SERCnet, JANET 1984 p., ( TCP-IP ).
' ', .25 Frame Relay ATM.
X. 25 - \ KOMvmaui'i ) (. 10.1).
.25 '. . , 䳿, .
.25 - . ³ . , 볭. ϳ , , . , , . , .
cmpj \ , Ⳮ- , '. 㳿 .25 DTE (Data Terminal Equipment), a - DCE (Data Communication Equipment). |
Frame Relay (FR) , . Frame Relay .25 . .25 - , , . Frame Relay :
|
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" ; , ;
> ; ,
FR 3 , .25 - 50 . FR - 56 / 1,544 / . FR .
.25, FR DTE DCE (User to Network Interface (UNI)), ( , , ATM SDH). FR NNI (Network to Network Interfa.ce).
.25, FR . Գ 㳿 .25
DTE DCE. , , . LAPD (Link Access Protocol D - D). , LAPD, ITU Q.922. FR ( , ), , .
FR - 2000 . . , (- ).
.25, FR , (Permanent Virtual Channel (PVC)). 糭 ' FR . PVC . (Commited Information Rate(CIR)). CIR . CIR, (Maximum Information Rate (MIR)). , CIR, , CIR MIR - , MIR - .
PVC SVC (Switched Virtual Cirquit). , ( ) . PVC "" PVC CIR, . SVC . PVC . г PVC , SVC - --.
ATM
& 㳿 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode *) - .
11 㳿 ATM ]l
- -, . 53 , (cell). , , , ; . -- ;
^ -, , (-, , , ). . , , , - . ϳ - , . - , ;
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-, . - ( 9600 / - 2 /), (2 -622 / );
> -, . , (Frame Relay, .25, TCP/IP, SPX/IPX.);
^ - ', . , .
' ATM. , .
ATM ATM, ' ATM (. 10.2). .
ATM , RISC UNI. ATM .
ATM . ' UNI (User to Network Interface).
ATM , , . ATM. ATM :
^> ;
^ ;
*5> .
ATM Ҳ, 1, , , SDH. SDH. NNI (Network to Network Interface).
ATM, Frame Relay, . . UNI NNI (. 10.3). . , . ³ (, ) . . .
ATM :
> (Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC));
> (Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)).
SVC , a PVC .
³ ATM (Constant Bit Rate (CBR)) , (Variable Bit Rate
(VBR)) . (Minimum Cell Rate (MCR)), Sustained Cell Rate (SCR), Peak Cell Rate (PCR)), ^, ^ ^ .
- : ^ (Virtual Path Identifier (PI)) > (Virtual Circuit Identifier (Ѳ)). , , , . VPI VCI . ATM VPI VCI . (, , ) .
ATM : ATM Forum, Frame Relay Forum, Internet Engeneering Task Force (IETF), ISO. ATM - (B-ISDN).
г
ISDN ATM ,
isuin 䳿 . B-ISDN - >, >- , . , , 볭 , -- (. 10.4).
Գ - rfvn
( , ATM- '). ATM . -
: SDH, T1/E1, /. .
:
^ , (Physical Media Dependent (PMD));
> (Transmission Convergence (TC)).
ϳ PMD ' , , . ϳ . (Header Error Correction (HEC)), ᳭ .
г ATM ATM-. (5 ) (48 ). - . . . . - .
г 'ATM
^ ( adaptation layer (AAL)) - ' .
г AAL 48- , . AAL . ITU ATM Forum. :
^ (1, AAL1) - ;
> (2, AAL2) - , (, - );
^ (, AAL3) :;
> D - , ;
> X - , ;
Y- (best-effort), ;
> AAL5 . (, .25 Frame Relay).
г ATM : (Convergence Sublayer (CS)) (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR)). ϳ , .
ATM
ATM :
^ A TM-LAN;
^> , - WAN;
> CO-A TM.
10.3. SDH
+ SDH - , | :.
, (FDM) - (). . 64 / (Digital Signal level 0- DSO). - . DS1 24- DSO. DS1 - 1,544 / (Ҳ). : 1.5, 6.0, 45.0, 150.0 /). 1 32- DSO, -
: 2, 8, 34, 150,... (El, E2, ,...) /.
Ѳ . (PDH) , , , .
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) G.707, G.708, G.709 ITU - , , :
> G. 707 ;
> G. 708 - SDH;
> G. 709 - .
SDH . (ATM, FR,...) SDH.
11 * SDH PDH - -\ SDH.
, PDH 150 / 64 /, - , , - . PDH /. 㳿 SDH , .
, , SDH , , , .
SDH
SDH . г SDH 㳺 (. 10.5, . 10.6)
, . - , - '.
г . SDH (RSOH -regenerator section overhead).
- / . (MSOH - Multiplex section overhead).
" ". VC (Virtual Container) . г VC-4 140 / ATM. г VC-12 2 /.
, SDH.
㳿 SDH
SDH. ³ . , - 㳭 . : ^, ^, ^'. , . STM-1 (155,52 /) . STM-4. - STM-16 (2,488 /) (. 10.7).
STM-1 125 . . 10.8, 2430 ' . (Section Overhead (SOH)) .
- , (9260 ) , . (STM-4-16) STM-1 .
10. MPLS
+MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) - , '- : IP , SDH, DWDM. (-
) , , .
MPLS Cisco. "Tag Switching". ϳ "Label Switching".
MPLS RFC 3031.
IP - . , - , . MPLS , , .
IP- , (labels) (. 10.9). .
* MPLS - , ' .
. , , . > ^- . - . MPLS, (forwarding equivalence class). , , . ϳ .
, : >swap, >push, >pop. . Swap - , push - ,pop - . MPLS , IP- .
MPLS , Frame Relay ATM. , . , ATM -, 1500 ( , , ATM).
IP, MPLS . , .
GMPLS - MPLS
IP - SDH DWDM, . , . 㳿 GMPLS (Generalized MPLS) MPLS .
GMPLS , MPLS L2SC (Layer 2 Switching Capable), TDM (Time Division Multiplex), DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing), FSC(Fiber Switching Capable).
DWDM
I |
# (Wawelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Dense WDM (DWDM)) - -
- , .
WDM , a DWDM - .
г , . - .
WDM . (). - , ( (FDM).
WDM 1980 ... (J.P. Laude). , , 40 .
WDM , - ᳺ, -. - (Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM)). - .
SDH SDH (. 10.10). DWDM IP-, , ' (. 10.11).
AON
(All-Optical Networks (AON)) - , . , .
ᳺ - EDFA (Erbium doped fiber amplifier) 80-x pp.
, , , , 㳿 1550 . - .
, . , . , . EDFA , WDM, , .
AON
: 1 - , 0 - . ϳ EDFA , .
- '. .
-
(Standard fiber(SF)), (Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)), . .
/
, . - . ֳ WDM DWDM.
EDFA, 980 1480 . 1535 - 1560 - 38 . ϳ 10-55 . WDM-.
. , , . : , ^ , > .
Գ
. .
. . , , .
- , 1550 . DSF, (fiber Bragg grating (FBG)). DCF , ' . .
AON
AON :
(Passive Optical Network (PON)) . . , . . , . . -. . ̳ , - ;
. . . WDM-. : ;
. . : .
?1
1. - :
) ;
) ;
) ' ;
) ;
) .
2. .25 - :
) ;
) ;
) ' ;
) ;
) .
3. (SVC) Frame Relay:
) ;
) , ;
) .
4. MPLS :
) IP;
) ;
) ;
) : -
.
III
TCP/IP
, ֲ Ʋ TCP/IP
² TCP/IP
DNS
ز Ʋ TCP/IP
_______________________________________ 11
, ֲ Ʋ TCP/IP
䳿 . , 䳿. . TCP/IP, UNIX Internet.
internet intranet , TCP/IP.
11.1.
TCP/IP 1 (Internet Activities Board) : (Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) (Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). TCP/IP -RFC (Request For Comments). , Internet , Ⳮ - ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). - ARIN - , RIPE - , APNIC - .
11.2. TCP/IP
* TCP/IP - ' * ( Internet, ) (. 11.1).
* ' , . .
. . ' (host). .
11.3.
. , Ethernet (, 08-00014-57-69-69).
IP- ( IP- ) , 4 *. , , , 102.54.94.97
, , IP-. . IP- . , , 102.54.94.97:8080 (socket).
IP- : . . 3, 6, 9 . - . , " ".
-
* 1 1
127 ' (loopback) - '. 224 , . , "" .
. (Multicast messages) D IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol). - . (Broadcast Messages)
* " " . CIDR. -7/ ^^^ ^ ^^^-^-
, IP-, ' (DNS-'), ' ( , , , ). , ' x.acme.com ' acme, .
IP- TCP/IP DNS (Domain Name System).
IP- " ". - , IP-. , , "1" , - "". , 192.168.45.1 255.255.255.0. .
(Classless Inter-Domain Routing - CIDR).
IP- : . , : 192.20.130.1 /24, - 24 . , 24 , - . , , - .
: RFC,1517, 1518,1519, 1520.
IP- , . CIDR ' - .
11.4. TCP/IP
TCP/IP (. 11.2) .
(Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, Token Ring, .). SLIP (Serial Line IP) (Point To Point Protocol), , ' .
* (Internet Protocol) - , . ³ . IP TCP/IP. .
ܲ (Internet Control Message Protocol) - , : . , .
*ARP (Adress Resolution Protocol) IP- , RARP (Reverse Adress Resolution Protocol) - MA C IP-.
lit TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - '. ³ , IP),
*HJDP (User Datagram Protocol) - , TCP, . , - . :
^> Telnet - ;
^ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - ; Q> SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - ; ^> SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) ~ ;
^> HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) - .