. ϳ . , , , . - 388,8 . ( 7,2 . ); - 8,05 . , - 9,662 . ( ) 44,826 ( ), - 2,69 . . -, ' -. , (, , , ), , () (, ).
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). ϳ 1980. ϳ : ( 15 . ), ( 15 . ) ( .).
. ϳ , - (' ), 3PL- . , 3PL- ,
32,8 . . (2007.). 900 957 . (1 = 30,48 ). 66% . 54% , 22% - ' . , , , : , , .
Armstrong&Associates Inc., ϳ
( , ϳ ):
Non-asset domestic transportation management (DTM-NA) , ϳ ;
Non-asset international transportation management (ITM-NA) , ϳ ;
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Asset-based (U.S.) dedicated contract carriage (DCC-AB) , 䳿 ( 1 7 );
Asset-based value-added warehousing/distribution (VA WD-AB) - , ( );
Software . , - - -
. , , , .
. 1. , . . .
ϳ 4L-, , L-. , 4L-, , , ( ) . 4L- L-, . Armstrong&Associates Inc. ϳ , , 113,6 . . . : UPS Supply Chain Solutions, . . Robinson Worldwide, Menlo Worldwide, Expeditors International of Washington Inc. Penske Logistics. ' 2002.
19,3 . . , ( ' ). 2006. 24,6 . . . , L- ϳ 10-15% 5 .
, ) , B.Hunt Schielder National; ) - Yellow Freight, Consolidated Freightways, TNT Freightways; , , UPS FedEx. FedEx UPS Overnight, Union Pacific, Canada North Canada Pacific.
ϳ United Parcel Service (UPS) Caterpillar , DHL-Exel Supply Chain ( Exel) - L- ( 3,4 . . ), AmeriCold Logistics . - Congebec, ; - Frialsa Frigorificos ( ). (. - cross-dock warehouses), , , . , , EGL, Inc. and Expeditors. ϳ 315 . . . 265,000 375,000 . , .
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