' .
. ≠0 , - ', = .
' , ', , - . ', '. ' .
.
1. . ' , = . . , > 0, ' , < 0, ¯ : ' .
2. ̮'. : ( ).
3. ̮'. , ' ', = . ' ' (. 5.1).
4. ( ). , ¢ ', (. 5.1, 5.2). ' '. , ' , ' , , ¢ ¢ . ' ¢ (. 5.3).
5. . (; ) '('; '). = . : ' = , ' = ky. , ' .
.
1. - .
2. .
3. , .
4. =-1 .
= - , , '. 4 .
5. , , , > 0, , , < 0.
6. , >0, , , < 0.
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7. , , . . l + b + = 0, '=, '=. x= ; y= . l + b + = 0, ' + b' + = 0. , l. , l l¢, .
8. , , .
, .
9. (. 5.2).
10. = 1 . , = 1 .
11. , , . , = ; = .
12. 1 2 = 1 2 . = 1 = 2 . = 2 1 .
13. . , 1, 2, 3 , .
10-13 . .
14. .
F , F. , Δ = -2, ', ', ¢:
; ; . Δ¢¢¢ Δ.
. 6.1 , > 0 , , . , ' ' , ''= (1)
>0 , . , ' ' , ' '.
.
1. 3 , = 1, .
2. .
. , ' '. : ' ', '' = 0, '' = , 0 = , ≠ 0, =0, , . , , ¢ ≠ '.
3. - , .
. '' = , = ''.
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4. 1 2 = 1 .
. '' = 1 '''' = 2 ''. "" = 2 '' = 1 2 = , = 1 2.
5. . .
1-5 .
6. .
7. =1 , .
8. .
. , , ( ), . = + .
', ', ¢ , , : ¢¢= = ( + ) = + = '' + ''.
'¢ = '' + '' , ', ', ¢ ' ' ¢.
8 .
9. , .
, .
10. , , , . .
11. . : ; .
12. .
. (; r), r = . ', ', '' = . , (; r) , ' = r, ' r¢= r.
13. .
. , ' ' . = = (. 5.1). .
. , , , .
14. .
6.2. Գ F' F, , F' F.
F' F, F' ~ F. , , F F¢, F' F. .
1. =1. , , .
2. F ' F , F F¢ .
. F' F, , F F'. , , F F¢, .
3. F' F 1, F" F ' 2, F" F =1 2.
. Գ F" F 1 2, = 1 2. 3.
6.1. , , B, ', ', ¢, '' = , '' = , '' = .
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