ʲ ˲
ճ , , . (, , ) ( , , ). . .
. , , , , , , . , . , , . , , -: Cl- + Ag+ = AgCl ¯
.
, , . , , . . , . , , . - , , 6 .
ճ | 䳿 | |||
K+, Na+, NH4+ | , , | ³ | ||
Ca2+(Sr2+)Ba2+ | H2SO4 | CaSO4↓, BaSO4↓ | ||
Pb2+, Ag+(Hg22+) | HCl | PbCl2↓ AgCl↓ | ||
Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ | ó | NaOH (KOH) | Mg(OH)2↓, Mn(OH)2↓,, Fe(OH)2↓,, Fe(OH)3↓ | |
Al3+, Zn2+ Cr3+, Sn2+ | , | NaOH (KOH) | [Al(OH)4]-, [Zn(OH)4]2- [Sn(OH)4]2- [Cr(OH)4]- | |
Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ | ó , NH4OH NH4Cl | NH4OH | [Co(NH3)6]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+ , [Cu(NH3)4]2+ , [Cd(NH3)4]2+ |
, ᒺ , -㳿 .
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. , , , . , , .
, , 0,5 5 . , NaCl . , , . , , , . , , .
, , , , , , . , , . , , . , () . (Pb) , 쳿. , .
1
K+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, (Sr2+), Ba2+ Pb2+, Ag+, (Hg22+)
. .
1. K+, Na+, NH4+, . . . NH4+ , +. 䳿 , NH4+ + .
1.1. NH4+.
KOH i K2[HgJ4] . ( ) -: NH4+ + 4OH- + 2[HgJ4]2- [OHg2NH2]I¯ + 7I- + 3H2O, NH4Cl, , .
: (NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4), 5-10 , . , , 4-5 ( !). .
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(KOH ), , , . , ( ) , , . , , , (), KOH Fe(OH)3.
1.2. +.
() Na3[Co(NO2)6] K+ : 2K+ +Na++ [Co(NO2)6]3- K2Na[Co(NO2)6]¯
: 1 2 (KCl, KNO3 K2SO4) 2 3 Na3[Co(NO2)6] ( !). . . , .
, , , .
Na3[Co(NO2)6] . , . , , . , . 1.3. Na+
1. KH2SbO4 : KH2SbO4 + 2H2O = K[Sb(OH)6].
: Na + + H2SbO4- = NaH2SbO4 ¯
. .
: 5 8 (NaCl, NaNO3 Na2SO4) 5 8 KH2SbO4 ( !) , , .
2. . - . , , , .
2. Ca2+, (Sr2+), Ba2+
2SO4 , :
Ca2+ + SO42- CaSO4¯ Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4¯
, .
: 2 3 ((NO3)2 BaCl2), 2-3 ((NO3 )2 aCl2), 3 4 1 2SO4. : CaSO4 , BaSO4, . CaSO4 . , , , ( ).
2.1. 2+
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K2Cr2O7 ( ) 2+ : 2Ba2+ + Cr2O72- + H2O 2BaCrO4¯ + 2H+;
, . , ( +), . Ba2+ , + , : H+ + CH3COO- CH3COOH
: 23 ((NO3)2 BaCl2), 34 K2Cr2O7. . 23 CH3COONa .
. Pb2+, . PbCrO4¯, CrO4, . 2.2. 2+.
(NH4)2C2O4 : Ca2+ + C2O42- = CaC2O4¯
.
: 1 2 ((NO3 )2 aCl2), 2 3 (NH4)2C2O4. .
. 2+ K2Cr2O7, , , 2+, (NH4)2C2O4 2+. 3. Pb2+, Ag+ (Hg22+)
Pb2+ Ag+. .
1 HCl Pb2+ Ag+
: Pb 2+ + 2Cl- = PbCl2¯ Ag+ + Ѳ- = AgѲ↓
PbCl2 . AgC NH4OH.
: () (Pb(NO3)2 Pb(CH3COO)2), 45 1 HCl. . 1/3-1/2 ᒺ . . ʲ Pb2¯.
1 2 AgNO3 45 1 HCl. . 5 10 NH4OH : AgCl↓ + 2NH4OH = [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- + 2H2O.
3.1. () Pb2+.
1. K ()
Pb 2+ + 2J- = Pb2¯ , ( ).
: () (Pb(NO3)2 Pb(CH3COO)2), 3 4 KJ .
2. K2CrO4 Pb 2+ Pb2+ + CrO42- = PbCrO4¯,
, CrO4, .
3. H2SO4 Pb 2+ 2- Ca2+, (Sr2+), Ba2+ Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4¯
H2SO4: PbSO4↓ + H2SO4 = Pb(HSO4)2,
, Ca2+, (Sr2+), Ba2+, NaOH : PbSO4↓ + 4NaOH =Na2[Pb(OH)4] + Na2SO4.
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4. NaOH Pb2+ 5- Al3+, Zn2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ + 2OH- = Pb(OH)2↓
NaOH: Pb(OH)2↓ + 2NaOH = Na2[Pb(OH)4]
5. NH4OH ( N4Ѳ) Pb2+ ( 3+ Sn2 + ) Pb2+ + 2NH4OH- = Pb(OH)2↓ + 2 NH4+ N4OH.