Nowadays English has become the world's most important and most universal language. It is the official language in over forty countries and the most used language in international business, science, medicine, trade and cultural relations. Over 300 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South Africa Republic.
It is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organisation and other political organisations. It is the language of world's scientific literature and computers technology.
Therefore, it is very useful to learn foreign languages. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people.
England's history helps to understand the present condition of English. Many English words were borrowed from the language of Angles and Saxons. Hundreds of French words came into English. Many new words were brought by traders and travellers.
To know the English language today is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist. English is everywhere in our life. It is in signs, clothing, soft drinks, and household products around the world. The names of pop groups, computers software, and magazines are often written in English.
English words are also used as elements of clothes to be included on T-shirts, sweaters, caps etc. Some think English is chic, stylish, even when the language on these designeditemsmakesnosense. Speaking a foreign language you can read newspapers, magazines and original books by great writers, watch satellite TV programs.
If you like travelling you can go anywhere without being afraid that other people will not understand you. English is very important to find a good job. That is why in order to understand ourselves and the world around us we have to study foreign languages and English inparticular.
GIVE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS
1. Has become the English world's most important language? Why?
_______________
2. How many people speak it as a mother tongue?
_____________
3. In what countries do people use English as native language?
_______________
4. Can you any name English words that have entered the Ukrainian language?
_______________
5. What is English to you?
_______________
NOUN. ІМЕННИК
PLURAL OF NOUNS. МНОЖИНА ІМЕННИКІВ
Утворення множини іменників
Іменники в англійській мові, як і в українській, мають два числа: однину й множину. Множина іменників утворюється додаванням до форми однини закінчення -(e)s, яке після дзвінких приголосних і голосних вимовляється як звук [z], а після глухих приголосних — як [s].
a room — room s a day — day s
a book — book s
a ball— ball s a sea — sea s
a lamp — lamp s
a club — club s a tree — tree s
a fork — fork s
a wall — wall s a table — table s
a street — street s
Іменники, що закінчуються на -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, у множині мають закінчення -es, яке вимовляється [iz]:
a box — box es a bus — bus es
a dress — dress es a bench — bench es
До іменників, що закінчуються на -у з попередньою приголосною, додається закінчення -es; при цьому у змінюється на і.
a cherr y — cherr ies a berr y — berr ies
a lorr y — lorr ies a factor y — factor ies
У деяких іменниках, що в однині закінчуються на -f, -fe, у множині f змінюється на v з додаванням закінчення
-(e)s.
a li fe — li ves a shel f — shel ves
a kni fe — kni ves a scar f — scar ves
Деякі іменники утворюють множину не за правилами. Їх слід запам'ятати:
a man — men a foot — feet a goose- geese
a woman — women a mouse — mice a tooth – teeth
a child — children a tooth — teeth
Деякі іменники мають тільки форму множини: wages (зарплата), scales (ваги), glasses або spectacles (окуляри), trousers (штани), proceeds (прибуток), scissors (ножиці), riches (багатство), goods (товар), clothes (одяг).
Деякі іменники вживаються тільки в однині: money (гроші), news (новина, новини), advice (порада, поради), furniture (меблі), information (інформація), mathematics (математика), phonetics (фонетика), knowledge (знання) та ін.
У складених іменниках закінчення -s приєднується до головного іменника, наприклад: mother-in-law -mothers-in-law.
Exercise 1. До іменників у однині підберіть їх відповідну форму у множині. Прочитайте слова та перекладіть їх українською мовою.
| a) man b) woman c) child d) mouse e) tooth f) foot g) goose h) fish i) swine j) deer k) ox l) sheep | 1) mice 2) feet 3) women 4) geese 5) men 6) children 7) oxen 8) fish 9) teeth 10) bacteria 11) swine 12) deer | Exercise 2. Розкрийте дужки та поставте іменники у формі множини, де це необхідно: A: Hello Bob! Where did you spend your week-end? B: I went to the zoo with my children yesterday. It is really one of the biggest ___________(zoo) in Europe. A: Which____________(animal) did you see? B: First, we saw a big lion, two__________(lioness) and some_______(lion-cub). Then we saw two (giraffe), three (rhino) and an (elephant). A: Is that all? B: No, we also saw three_______(camel), a lot of_______(deer) and__________(zebra). A: Did you go to the monkey house? B: Yes, of course. We enjoyed watching these funny________(animal). There were a lot of_________(monkey) there. A: You had a lovely day, don’t you think so? B: I suggest that we go to the zoo together next week. A: I am all for it. |
Exercise 3. Поставте іменники у множині, зверніть увагу на вимову закінчень.
Pen, set, bed, tip, lip, test, pin, net, seed, lid, pie, type, pine, pile, list, file, box, book, boss, car, knife, sister, shelf, tie, friend, theatre, letter, brother, tooth, man, deer, ox, photo, class, story, piano, match, page, patch, dish, cage, mass, bench, baby, lady, bag, city, day, army, party, hero, fish, chief.
Exercise 4. Поставте іменники в дужках у множині.
1. Many people were injured when two (car) crashed in the thick fog. 2. We often find rare (book) in this library. 3. In Siberia there are many (wolf) still living in the (forest). 4. Please cut this melon into two (half). 3. King Henry VIII had six (wife). 6. The (thief) broke into the house without attracting attention of (passer-by). 7. Many people think that (parent-in-law) are potentially a nuisance. 8. Shakespearean (hero) are generally the victims of circumstance. 9. The police called for (eyewitness) to come forward and give evidence. 10. Many teachers in schools are (woman) but some are (man). 11. Victor fell off his bicycle and broke two (tooth). 12. The Romans often used (goose) to guard their houses. 13. We have two (child), a boy and a girl. 14. Cats sometimes kill (mouse) for food and for sport. 15. These shoes are too small: my (foot) hurt. 16. Many kinds of (sheep) are raised for the wool, meat, milk, and skin. 17. Buffaloes, bison, and yaks are also called (ox). He arranged that a lot of his (book) should contain detailed (index). 19. The eyes are sometimes (index) of character. 20. He agreed that these were strange (phenomenon). 21. We cannot proceed on such unlikely (hypothesis). 22. He wished to place certain (memorandum) before the committee. 23. The new (syllabus) will be drawn up according to different (criterion). 24. Television and newspapers are mass (medium) of information.
FROM THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH………………...………………………………………………………LESSON 3-4
Read the text and choose the best answer (a–d) to complete the sentences (1–5)
The sixteenth century was full of changes in Europe. The Protestant churches were
developed, Europeans began to explore the Americas, Asia and Africa, and creativity and learning in all areas flowered. In England, the English language grew enormously in order to express a huge number of new ideas. At the beginning of the sixteenth century Latin was the language of learning in all
of Europe, and it was seen as richer than English and the other spoken European languages. However, with the growth of education, the invention of printing and the new interest in learning, this began to change. More and more people wanted to read books by Roman and Greek writers, and in England they wanted to read them in English. So these books were translated, and other books about learning were written in English. Using English meant that a writer could reach a larger audience, as one sixteenth century printer explained to a writer who preferred Latin: “Though, sir, your book be wise and full of learning... it will not be so saleable. ”
However, the acceptance of English as a language of learning was not complete until the end of the seventeenth century. For example, in 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote his “Principia” in Latin, but fifteen years later he wrote “Opticks” in English.
1. In the sixteenth century, the Protestant churches... in Europe.
A declined C developed
B emerged D emancipated
2. When the author says, “Creativity and learning in all areas flowered,” the word
‘flowered’ means:
A stagnated and died
C grew and expanded
B continued yet struggled
D declined and left
3. During the 16th century, Latin was...
A the language of the proletariat.
B the language that most people spoke with their families.
C easier to understand than other European language.
D the language of education.
4. What began to change the belief in Latin as the richest of the European languages?
A education, printing and learning
B printing, newspapers and magazines
C education, computers and the Internet
D learning, sports and public schools
5. When was the acceptance of English as a language of learning completed?
A the opening of the 15th century
B the end of the 18th century
C the closing of the 17th century
D the beginning of the 17th century
Exercise 1. Утворіть форму множини від поданих іменників, записавши її у відповідну графу.
bicycle, bus. cherry, knife, man, glass child, house. apple. box, baby. ball, tomato, ferry, leaf. tooth, goose, radio. cliff, dress, torch, city, wife, ox, deer. calf, lox, giraffe, watch, parrot. lady, wolf, dish, boy. woman, melon, sheep, armchair
| -s | bicycles |
| -es | busses |
| -ies | cherries |
| -ves | knives |
| exceptions | men |
Exercise 2. Утворіть множину іменників.
1 sheep - sheep...
2 baby
3 child
4 green leaf
5 old lady
6 radio
7 ox
8 tall woman
9 knife
10 toy
11 policeman
12 raspberry
13 sandwich
14 mouse
15 photo
16 cliff
17 pen
18 watch
19 big foot
20 nice book
| C | U |
Exercise 3. Позначте літерою ’C’ (countable) - обчислювані іменники та літерою ‘U’ (uncountable)необчислювані іменники:
1. advice
2. plate
3. money
4. safe
5. accommodation
6. deer
7. car
8. furniture
9. piece
10. can
Exercise 4. Підберіть необхідне слово, додайте прийменник of, щоб вказати кількість:
1. some biscuits - four packets of biscuits
2. some bread - three……………………
3. some coffee - two……………………..
4. some soup - two……………………….
5. some pie - four…………………….. …
6. some meat - three……………………..
7. some sugar - two……………………..
8. some juice - three……………………..
9. some champagne - two……………….
10. some flour - four………………………
ENGLISH IN MODERN SOCIETY.....………………………………………...……...……….………………LESSON 4-6
