, , ( ). . ( ) , . , .
, , . , . XI (1960) , () (). 1,013×105 0 100 ( ).
, (, , 609 ). 273,16 (). . 273,15 ( , ), , ,
= 273,15 + t.
T = 0 . , 0 , .
v . , . . r = const, v=V/m= 1 /p. , .
. , , . , (, ).
- , , :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
, , (, ), . , , , .
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, .
*: :
(41.1)
* . (16271691) ; . (16201684) .
, V, , . , , , (. 60).
- *:1) :
(41.2)
2) :
(41.3)
* . - (17781850) .
t , 0 V 0 0, a = 1/273,15 1.
, , . V, t (. 61) , . , , . , t (. 62) , .
(41.2) (41.3) , t= 1 /a= 273,15, 1+a t = 0. , (. 62),
(41.2) (41.3) , - :
(41.4)
(41.5)
1 2 , .
*: . 22,41×103 3/.
* . (17761856) .
, , :
*: p 1, p 2 ,..., n :
, , , , .
* . (17661844) .
42.
, : , V . , ,
.
. (17991864) , -. V 1, 1 T 1. 2, V 2, T 2 (. 63). 1 2 : 1) ( 11'), 2) ( 1'2).
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(41.1) - (41.5) :
(42.1)
(42.2)
(42.1) (42.2)
1 2 , pV/T , . .
(42.3)
(42.3) , , .
. . (18341907) , (42.3) , V m. , V m, . R .
(42.4)
, , .
(42.4), , ( 0 = 1,013×105 , T 0=273,15 , V m=22,41×103 3/): R =8,31 /(×).
(42.4) . V m, V= (/)V m, ( ). (/).
(42.5)
n =m/M .
, :
(42.4)
N A /V m = n ( ). ,
(42.6)
, ( ). . , 1 3 , *:
* . (18211895) .
43. -
- . , , , . D S (. 64) , . , , m 0 v ( m 0 v) = 2 m 0 v, m 0 , v . D t D S , D S v D t (. 64). n D Sv D t (n ).
, , , D S , . , 1/3 , 1/6 , . , , D S 1/6 n D Sv D t.
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, ,
(43.1)
V N , v 1, v 2 ,..., vN,
(43.2)
.
(43.1) (43.2)
(43.3)
(43.3) - . .
, n =N / V,
(43.4)
(43.5)
.
m=Nm 0, (43.4)
= ( ),
V m . , , pV m =RT. ,
(43.6)
M=m 0 N , 0 , a N , (43.6) ,
(43.7)
k=R/N . , 480 /, 1900 /. 40 160 /.
(43.8)
( (43.5) (43.7)) . , =0 <e0>=0, . . 0 , , . , , (43.8) - .
44.
- . . - , . . .
- , , 0 , = const.
, , , , , . . .
, N , . , .
f (v), . , d v, d N(v), , . f(v) d N(v)/N, v v+ d v, . .
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. f(v) :
(44.1)
(44.1) , ( ) ( ).
(44.1) . 65. v exp[ m 0 v2/(2kT) ] , v 2, f(v), , v B, . v B.
dN(v)/N, v v+ d v, . 65. , , . , f(v)
, , . (44.1) ( ) v, f(v):
v= 0 v =¥ (44.1), v, , v B:
(44.2)
(44.2) , (. 66) ( ). , , , .
< v > ( )
f(v) ,
(44.3)
, : 1) 2) 3) (. 65).
(44.4)
e. v e =m 0 v 2 / 2. (44.4) v= d v= d e,
d N (e) , , e e + d e.
,
< e >
. . , (43.8).
45. .
- , , . . , , , , .
, , , . h (. 67), h+ d h p+ d p ( d h >0 d p <0, ). p+ d p , d h 1 2:
r h (d h , ). ,
(45.1)
pV=(m/M) RT ( , ), ,
(45.1),
h 1 h 2 1 2 (. 67), . .
(45.2)
(45.2) . , , : , , (45.2)
(45.3)
h.
( ). (45.3). , , .
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(45.3) , (42.6) p=nkT:
n h, n 0 , h= 0. M =m 0 N A (N A , 0 ), a R=kN A,
(45.4)
m 0 gh = , . .
(45.5)
(45.5) . , , .
, (45.5) , .
46.
, , . l, . , , < l >.
, , d (. 68). , . . ( ).
1 , < v >, < z > , 1 ,