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8




, , ( ). . ( ) , . , .

, , . , . XI (1960) , () (). 1,013×105 0 100 ( ).

, (, , 609 ). 273,16 (). . 273,15 ( , ), , ,

= 273,15 + t.

T = 0 . , 0 , .

v . , . . r = const, v=V/m= 1 /p. , .

. , , . , (, ).

- , , :

1) ;

2) ;

3) .

, , (, ), . , , , .

, .

*: :

(41.1)

* . (16271691) ; . (16201684) .

 

, V, , . , , , (. 60).

- *:1) :

(41.2)

2) :

(41.3)

* . - (17781850) .

 

t , 0 V 0 0, a = 1/273,15 1.

, , . V, t (. 61) , . , , . , t (. 62) , .

(41.2) (41.3) , t= 1 /a= 273,15, 1+a t = 0. , (. 62),

 

(41.2) (41.3) , - :

 

(41.4)

(41.5)

1 2 , .

 

*: . 22,41×103 3/.

* . (17761856) .

 

, , :

*: p 1, p 2 ,..., n :

, , , , .

* . (17661844) .

 

42.

, : , V . , ,

.

. (17991864) , -. V 1, 1 T 1. 2, V 2, T 2 (. 63). 1 2 : 1) ( 11'), 2) ( 1'2).

 

(41.1) - (41.5) :

(42.1)

(42.2)

(42.1) (42.2)

1 2 , pV/T , . .

(42.3)

(42.3) , , .

. . (18341907) , (42.3) , V m. , V m, . R .

(42.4)

, , .

(42.4), , ( 0 = 1,013×105 , T 0=273,15 , V m=22,41×103 3/): R =8,31 /(×).

(42.4) . V m, V= (/)V m, ( ). (/).

(42.5)

n =m/M .

, :

(42.4)

N A /V m = n ( ). ,

(42.6)

, ( ). . , 1 3 , *:

* . (18211895) .

 

43. -

- . , , , . D S (. 64) , . , , m 0 v ( m 0 v) = 2 m 0 v, m 0 , v . D t D S , D S v D t (. 64). n D Sv D t (n ).

, , , D S , . , 1/3 , 1/6 , . , , D S 1/6 n D Sv D t.

, ,

(43.1)

V N , v 1, v 2 ,..., vN,

(43.2)

.

(43.1) (43.2)

(43.3)

(43.3) - . .

, n =N / V,

(43.4)

(43.5)

.

m=Nm 0, (43.4)

= ( ),

V m . , , pV m =RT. ,

(43.6)

M=m 0 N , 0 , a N , (43.6) ,

(43.7)

k=R/N . , 480 /, 1900 /. 40 160 /.

(43.8)

( (43.5) (43.7)) . , =0 <e0>=0, . . 0 , , . , , (43.8) - .

44.

- . . - , . . .

- , , 0 , = const.

, , , , , . . .

, N , . , .

f (v), . , d v, d N(v), , . f(v) d N(v)/N, v v+ d v, . .

. f(v) :

(44.1)

(44.1) , ( ) ( ).

(44.1) . 65. v exp[ m 0 v2/(2kT) ] , v 2, f(v), , v B, . v B.

dN(v)/N, v v+ d v, . 65. , , . , f(v)

, , . (44.1) ( ) v, f(v):

v= 0 v =¥ (44.1), v, , v B:

(44.2)

(44.2) , (. 66) ( ). , , , .

< v > ( )

f(v) ,

(44.3)

, : 1) 2) 3) (. 65).

(44.4)

e. v e =m 0 v 2 / 2. (44.4) v= d v= d e,

d N (e) , , e e + d e.

,

< e >

. . , (43.8).

45. .

- , , . . , , , , .

, , , . h (. 67), h+ d h p+ d p ( d h >0 d p <0, ). p+ d p , d h 1 2:

r h (d h , ). ,

(45.1)

pV=(m/M) RT ( , ), ,

(45.1),

h 1 h 2 1 2 (. 67), . .

(45.2)

(45.2) . , , : , , (45.2)

(45.3)

h.

( ). (45.3). , , .

(45.3) , (42.6) p=nkT:

n h, n 0 , h= 0. M =m 0 N A (N A , 0 ), a R=kN A,

(45.4)

m 0 gh = , . .

(45.5)

(45.5) . , , .

, (45.5) , .

46.

, , . l, . , , < l >.

, , d (. 68). , . . ( ).

1 , < v >, < z > , 1 ,





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