.


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10




(51.1)

(51.1) : , , . (51.1)

(51.2)

dU , dA , dQ . dU , dA dQ . (51.2).

(51.1) , , , . . ().

, D U =0. , ,

. . , ó , , ( ).

52.

, . , , , (. 78). , , d l,

 

S , S d l=dV . ,

(52.1)

 

, V 1 V 2, (52.1):

(52.2)

. (52.2) , .

, V. . 79. dV pdV, . . dV, . , V 1 V 2, , , p = f(V) V 1 V 2.

, . , . ( ), ( , ). .

53.

, , 1 1 :

- (/( × )).

, , 1 1 :

(53.1)

n= m / .

- (/( × )).

m,

(53.2)

.

, .

(51.2) 1 (52.1) (53.1):

(53.3)

, (. (52.1)) :

(53.4)

. . V 1 1 . (50.1),

(53.5)

, (53.3)

, ( p, V, ) V (. (53.4)), pVm=RT (42.4) T (p =const),

(53.6)

(53.6) ; , V . , , . (53.5), (53.6)

(53.7)

p V :

(53.8)

(53.5) (53.7) , . - . , , . , .

(. 50), V = 7 / 2 R. V (. 80) , V : (50 ) V = 3 / 2 R, CV = 5 / 2 R ( 7/2 R) v= 7/2 R. , , , , .

. , ( , ). , , , ( ). , 5/2 R 7/2 R. ( ) ( ).

54.

, , , .

(V =const). () , V , (. 81), 12 , 1 3 . , . .

53, (dQ= d U+dA) , , , :

(53.4),

(54.1)

(p =const). () , V , V. (. (52.2)) V 1 V 2

(54.2)

(. 82). (42.5) ,

(54.2)

(54.3)

R: T 2 T 1 =1 , 1 R=A, . . R 1 1 .

( (53.4))

, (54.3).

(T =const). 41, :

() , V (. . 60), , , .

(52.2) (42.5) :

=const :

(dQ= d U+dA) ,

. . , , :

(54.4)

, , , .

55. .

, (dQ= 0) . . , , , . ( ), . .

(dQ= d U+dA) ,

(55.1)

. . .

(52.1) (53.4), (55.1)

(55.2)

(55.3)

(55.2) (55.3) .

, p/V=g (. (53.8)),

p 1 p 2 V 1 V 2, ,

1 2 ,

(55.4)

, .

, V p, (55.4)

:

(55.5)

(55.6)

(55.4) (55.6) . (. (53.8) (53.2))

(55.7)

( ). (Ne, He .), , i =3, g=1,67. (2, N2, 2 .) i= 5, g =1,4. g, (55.7), .

() , V (. 83). , (pVg = const) , (pV = const). , 1 3 , , .

, . (55.1)

V 1 V 2, T 1 T 2

(55.8)

, (55.5), (55.8)

.

, 12 ( , . 83), , . , , .

, , . V p, (d T=0) ¥, (dQ =0) . , , .

(C =const) :

(55.9)

=(їp)/(їV) . , =0, n = g, (55.9) ; = ¥, n = 1 ; = p, n =0 , =V, n =¥ . , .

56. ().

( ) , , , . (. 84). , , (1 2) (2 1) . ( 1a2V 2 V 1 1) (d V >0), ( 2b1V 1 V 2 2) (d V< 0 ). , , , , . A= > 0 ( ), (. 84, ), A= < 0 ( ), (. 84, ).

, . , .

, , . (51.1)

(56.1)

. . , , . , ,

Q 1 , , Q 2 , .

(56.2)

, , , , , . , , .

. , , , ; , . (- , . .), . . : 1) ; 2) ; , . . . .

57. ,

1865 . . . Q, , , .

, , dQ/T. , , , :

(57.1)

(57.1), , , dQ/T , , . ,

(57.2)

, dQ/T, S.

(57.1) ,

(57.3)

, , , :

(57.4)

(57.3) (57.4) , , . (57.3) (57.4)

(57.5)

. . ( ), ( ).

1 2, , (57.2),

(57.6)

, . (57.6) . , .

(57.6), . Ta

(57.7)

. . D S 12 1 2 1 2.

dQ = 0, D S = 0 , , S= const,. . . . (57.7) , (T 1= T 2)

(V 1 = V 2)

: , . , , ( ).

: . W , , , ( , 1, . . ( £ 1!)).

(1872), :





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