| HOOC-COOH | ||
| HOOC-CH2-COOH | ||
| HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH | .. | |
| OOC-(CH2)3-COOH | ||
| OOC-(CH2)4-COOH |
1. . , .
1 = 3,8.10-2
1 = 3,9.10-5
2. , , , .
3. -
) 2 () .
HOOC-COOH 
CO2 + HCOOH
)
O O
CH2-C CH2-C
OH O
OH H2O + CH2-C
CH2-C O
O
) 2, , .
O
CH2-CH2-C
OH CH2-CH2
OH 
CO2 + H2O + C=O
CH2-CH2-C CH2-CH2
O
, ( 3).
4. , , .
O CO2
HO-C=O 
CO2 + HO-C
HO-C=O OH H2O
5. . . , Na.
+ 
H +
HOOC 
C COOH
H
O O
C C
OC2H5 OC2H5
2CH2 + 2Na H2 
+ 2 CHNa
O O
C C
OC2H5 OC2H5
, ,
COOC2H5 COOC2H5
CHNa + Br-CH2-CH3 NaBr + CH-CH2-CH3 
COOC2H5 COOC2H5 -2C2H5OH
O
C
OH
CH-CH2-CH3 CO2 + CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
O
C
OH
6.
O O O O
nC-(CH2)4-C +n HO-CH2-CH2-OH n H2O + (-C-(CH2)4-C-O-CH2-CH2-O-)n
HO OH
O O O O
nC-(CH2)4-C + nH2N-(CH2)6-NH2 nH2O + (-C-(CH2)4-C-NH-(CH2)6-NH-)n
HO OH
( 66)
| O CH2=CH-C OH | , |
| O CH2=CH-C CH3 OH | |
| O CH3-CH=CH-C OH | ( - -) |
| HO O C-CH2=CH-C O OH | ( ) |
| O H-C-C OH OH H-C-C O | - |
| O H-C-C O OH C-C-H HO | - |
1) , (.. sp2- .)
2)
) ( );
) ;
|
|
|
) .
. , .
-(CH2-CH-)n-
C 
N
. () , , HCN CH3OH.
O OH
CH3-C + HCN CH3-C-C N 
CH2=C-C N 
CH3 CH3 -H2O CH3
OH O O
CH2=C-C=NH CH2=C-C 
nCH2=C-C 
(-CH2-C-)n
CH3 NH2 NH3 OCH3 C=O
OCH3
3) .
, - - ( ) , .
- , . =1300. . 1=1,5.10-2, 2=1,3.10-6. . 1=1,5.10-2, 2=1,3.10-6. .
O O
H-- H-C-C
OH O
OH H2O + H-C-C
H-C-C O
O
- , . =2870, , 1=1.10-3, 2=3.10-5. . (3000) .
O O
H-C-C H-C-C
O OH 
O
C-C-H -H2O H-C-C
HO O
. ,
O
H-C-C
OH O O H-C-COOH
OH + Br2 HO-C-CH-CH-C-OH Br2 +
H-C-C Br Br HOOC-C-H
O
, /-
, .
