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, 䳿 . ( ) , . .
: .
ij
" ".
.
. , =1,414213., π = 3,141592., = 2,718281. - .
, , . , 2 = 2,(0) = 1,(9), 1/3 = 0,(3), 13/7 = 1,(857142).
R = { r }. ³ .
, R . R "" , R . . .
³ R, . R, . , , N, (N R) , R . , , ( ), . . . , (. 4.1):
.4.1.
Ox OA φ ;
;
OA ;
S ;
( ) S . ³ 1, Ox .
, - . 1 , . , . .
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ֳ ( ) - .
, , , .
, , .
a b - , a < b. , :
1) a ≤ ≤ b - (), - [a, b]
b - a ;
2) a < < b - , - (a, b);
3) a ≤ < b - , - [ a, b);
4) a < ≤ b - , - (a, b ];
5)
x ≤ b, (-∞, b ]; x < b, (-∞, b); x ≥ a, [ a, +∞); x > a, (a, +∞);
6) -∞ < x <+∞), (-∞, +∞).
a b .
- ∞, +∞ , 0 .
:
.