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1. . V W , n m. , V W, : V > W, V W. = () = .
. , V W, , x1 u x2 V λ :
1. λ(x1 + x2) = λx1+ λx2 ( );
2. (λ) = λ ( ).
. W V, , V V, V.
2. . . , V W, .
, V W. + ,

( + ) = + . (5.1)

λ λ,

(λ)= λ(). (5.2)

, V W.
, = 0.
-

- = (-1).


.
L(V, W) , V W, .
3. L (V, V) . , V V, . . L(V, V).
( ) I, I = ( V).
L(V, V).
L(V, V) ,

() = (). (5.3)

, , , ≠ .
L(V, V):
1. λ() = (λ);
2. ( + ) = + ;
3. ( + ) = + ;
4. () = ().
1-4 (. 5.2)) (. 5.3)).
L(V, V).
1. L(V, V) L(V, V),
= = I.
-1.
, V -1 = .
, -1 = 0, = 0, .. , = 0 , = 0.
, V V, x1 x2 y1 = Ax1 2 = x2.
V V, : V > V V V, . . V x V:

y = .
.
L(V, V) , , V V.
2. V, = 0. ker .
ker A = 0, V V..
3. V, = . im A ( im Im, ).
2. , ker = 0, im A = V, . ker A = 0 im A = V , .
3. , ker im A V. dim (ker ) dim (imA) .
.
5.1. dimV V n, L(V, V).

dim (im ) + dim (ker A) = n.

1. V. V
e1, 2,..., n. V

.
L(V, V). (5.11)

(5.12) :

jk:

= (jk).

1, 2,..., n.
e1, 2,...,n : = .
1. , , .. .
2. , . . = I, . , = , . I.
, L(V, V) V .
5.5. V 1, 2,..., n, = (jk) , n n . , .
5.6. : rang A = rang A.





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