.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

, , , , , , . , , : , , . .

:

(1.16)

- - ; - ; - , .

- , [3].

, (1.16) , , .

. 1.7 ( ) p-v T-s p = idem. , .

- - h. (1.2) (1.3) WT WK ( ):

(1.17)

WK = (1.18)

h h - .

, :

(1.19)

(1.20)

(1.17) - ():

(1.21)

,

(1.22)

- [2]:

(1.23)

(1.24)

(1.25)

hm :

(1.26)

, (1.23) q, t, , , pk.

, h = h (t) - n = 1 -l = n (t) (t). . 1.8 q = 4: ), ),(h = h = 0,85) , ),(h = h = 0,85; x1 = 1; x2 = 0,9).

. 1.8 , n = 1- l t . h . n = 0 = 0 t = q. ( ) , n = n (t) , , n = 0 t, = 0. h . h = h (t) t ).

n = 1 - l. n, . , , l = 0,6-0,7, , x2 1% 2,5-3%, .

, h = h (pk) , . ( , , ..).

- , ():

1. (, )

DN = DpVh-1 10-3,

2. ( )

DN. = DpVh 10-3 ,

D, D - , (1 ... 10 ); V, V - , 3/; h h .

[2]:

(1.27)

he = he (pk) : t =1, l = 1, .. t = xh2mq ( 1.24). , (1.27) .

, , (tz = T3 / T41) - (t = 21 / 1) [ 17 ]:

(1. 28)

(1.29)

- -, ( ) (, , ); * - () ():

= /v (1. 30)

(1.30) , ( , ). , (* < ), ( * > ).

(1.29) , , , , . . 0, 90-0,93; 0,95-0,97. (. 1. 9). . 1.9 -750-6 .

. 1.9, , , .

( , ):

(1.31)

:

(1.32)

(1.32) ( , ).

() (. 1.10):

(1.33)

 

(1.34)

 

(.1.10) () - .

() :

(1.35)

(1. 36)

1 2 .

, , , ( ) ( ).

, , , .

, . 1.11, , , .

, (1.31) . [ 12 ]:

(1.37)

(1.37) , , :

(1.38)

. , , :

(1.39)

q , :

(1.40)

t3 ( ); t21- ( ); - , .

, (1.39) :

(1.41)

(1.39) (1.41) , , , :

(1.42)

, , . , :

(1.43)

, (1.43) :

(1.44)

(1.43) (1.44), :

(1.45)

- () .

, , 0,01, = 0,67, (1.45) , 3%; = 0,60 2,5% .. , , .

:

(1.46)

, , , (. 1.12).

(1, 3 3/1).

, (), - . (. 1.8) , 3 1 , , .

1.3. - () : , t1 = +15 0C; , t3 = 800 0C; , = 0,85; ; , , , ; , 1- m =0,05. m , , ; = 0,95; , = 0,80.

[3]. (1.10) :

, :

() ( ):

(1.11) , :





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