Ann was our last guest. She came in last. Those adv. with an asterisk (*) can be found with ly ending without a difference in meaning, but then they are more formal. Walk slow! (informal) ALSO Walk slowly! (formal)
Adverbs with 2 forms & differences in meaning
Deep=a long way down
Deeply=greatly
Direct=by the shortest route
Directly=immediately
Easy=gently, slowly
Easily=without difficulty
Free=without cost ()
Freely=willingly
Full =exactly, very
Fully =completely
Hard =with effort
Hardly =scarcely (!)
High =at/to a high level
Last =after all others
Lastly =finally
Late =not early
Lately =recently
Near =close
Nearly =almost ( !)
Pretty =fairly
Prettily =in a pretty way
Short =suddenly
Shortly =soon
Sure=certainly
Surely=without a doubt
Wide=off-target
Widely=to a large extent
Wrong=incorrectly
Wrongly=unjustly (wrongly goes
before verbs/past part. wrong/
Wrongly go after verbs)
Quite-Fairly-Rather-Pretty
Quite (fairly, in some degree) is used in favourable comments.She is quite good at painting.
Quite meaning completely is used with adv., some verbs & adj. such as: along, amazing, brilliant, certain, dead, dreadful, different, exhausted, extraordinary, false, horrible, impossible, perfect, ridiculous, right, sure, true, useless etc. Im quite sure he stole the money.
Quite is used before a/an.She is quite a good dancer.
Rather is used: a) in unfavourable comments: He is rather mean with money.
b) in favourable comments meaning to an unusual degree: The lecture was rather informative. (more than we expected)
c) with comparative degree: Its rather sunnier today then yesterday. ( )
Rather is used before or after a / an: He is a rather rude person. = He is rather a rude person
Fairly & pretty are synonymous with quite & rather. They can be used after a.He is a fairly/pretty well-behaved person.
Patterns with adverbs
Deeply hurt
Painfully embarrassed
Highly respected / qualified / paid / educated
Extremely helpful
Bitterly cold
Nearly forgot
To be short of time
Sadly
To fly direct to
Proverbs & Sayings
Promise little but do much.
If you want a thing well done, do it yourself.
A new groom sweeps clean.
Actions speak louder than words.
Easier said than done.
Make haste slowly.
To live long it is necessary to live slowly.
Of two evils choose the least.
Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Use the proper degree of adjectives and adverbs.
1) This is a nice cat. It's much ___ than my friend's cat.
2) Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is ___.
3) This is a difficult exercise. But the exercise with an asterisk (*) is the ___ exercise on the worksheet.
4) He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the ___ hobby in the world.
5) In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even ___one last weekend.
6) School is boring, but homework is ___ than school.
7) Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is ___ than skateboarding.
8) This magazine is cheap, but that one is ___.
9) We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even ____ than ours.
10) Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the ___ joke I've ever heard.
11) My father is heavy. My uncle is much ___ than my father.
12) The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology was ___.
13) Florida is sunny. Do you know the ___ place in the USA?
14) Stan is a successful sportsman, but his sister is ___ than Stan.
15) My mother has a soft voice, but my teacher's voice is ___ than my mother's.
Exercise 2. Complete the following comparisons.
1 Barbara is nearly... old... her stepmother.
2. There are more... two thousand books in my mother's library.
3. Bob talks just... his father.
4. Would you be... kind... to close the door for me?
5. Do... I tell you; don't do... I do.
6. I am not... naive... to believe all he promises me.
7. After your heart attack you should walk... slowly... possible.
8. The Dnieper is not now... wide... it was.
9. I have... many working hours a week... any other employee.
10. A shower uses less water... a bath.
11. On Sundays we don't have to get up... early... usual.
12. This house is two times... big... the old one.
Exercise 3. Put the adverbs in brackets into the proper place.
1. He listens to the radio. (often)
2. Tom is very friendly. (usually)
3. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)
4. My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always)
5. They watch TV in the afternoon. (never)
6. Have you been to London? (ever)
Exercise 4. Choose the right order of adjectives.
1. He's a ________ doctor.
a) young charming b) charming young
2. I plan on wearing my ________ coat.
a) long black b) black long
3. This is a ________ painting from the 18th century.
a) French well-known b) well-known French
4. She was wearing a ________ dress.
a) green beautiful b) beautiful green
5. The ________ bird! I'm going to help it!
a) poor little b) little poor
6. She prepared a ________ dinner for us.
a) Mexican wonderful b) wonderful Mexican
7. Nagoya is an example of a ________ city.
a) modern Japanese b) Japanese modern
8. He bought himself a ________ truck.
a) big new b) new big
9. Pass me the ________ bowl.
a) plastic round b) round plastic
10. The ________ years were fantastic.
a) two first b) first two
Exercise 5. Complete the given phrases with your own variant.
1. The sooner,....
2. The longer the day (is),....
3. The more we learn,....
4. The more expensive the wedding,....
5. The later one goes to bed,....
6. The better the idea,....
7. The more knowledge you get.....
8. The less chocolate you eat,....
9. The more kids you have,....
10. The smarter a person is,....
11. The longer we study English,...
Exercise 6. Use the right degree of comparison of the adjectives in brackets.
1. He laughs (good), who laughs last.
2. He who laughs last, laughs (long).
3. Of two evils, choose the (little).
4. My aunt is the (old) of the four sisters.
5. Cats are (clean) than monkeys, but monkeys are (intelligent) than cats.
6. Thank you, you are (kind) today than you were yesterday.
7. Socrates was (wise) Greek of all.
8. Christopher is (friendly) than Ted.
9. Ben is (wealthy) of the three brothers.
10. Edwin was (nice) of the two sons.
Exercise 7. Compare (Writing)
I. two different fruits 2. a cat and a dog 3. two flowers 4. rock music and classical music 5. two academic subjects 6. comedy and tragedy 7. reading and writing 8. being single and being married 9. two of your friends 10. your life now with what it was like ten years ago II. your physical appearance now with the way you looked as a child 12. two movie stars 13. two holidays 14. two of your teachers 15. children with parents.
Exercise 8. Find and correct the mistake
Ex: This is longest book in the library.
This is the longest book in the library.
1. The Atlantic Ocean is not as big the Pacific Ocean.
2. Your hands are dirtyer than mine.
3. Albert Einstein is intelligenter than me.
4. Nobody is rich as the Queen of England.
5. This is the cheaper car on the market.
6. Who is fastest man in the world?
7. That restaurant is best in town.
8. Julia Roberts is more pretty than my grandmother.
9. The Ferrari is the faster car of all.
10. I am as taller as you.
11. Where are the more beautiful beaches in the world?
12. China is bigger India.
13. Athens is one of oldest cities in the world.
14. Who is the better lawyer in town?
15. Is ice heavier that water?
Exercise 9. Translate into English.
1. - .
2. .
3. , .
4. ? - .
5. .
6. ?
8. () .
9. : . , .
10. , , .
PRONOUNS
The pronoun is a part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them.
Semantic classification
- personal: I, he, she, it, they; him, her, them
- possessive: my, his, her, its
- reflexive: myself, itself, ourselves
- emphatic: himself, herself, themselves
- reciprocal: each other, one another
- demonstrative: this, these, that, those, such, (the) same
- interrogative: who, what, which
- relative: who, whose, which, that, as
- defining: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another
- negative: no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing
- quantitative: many, much, few, little
Personal
We use object forms in such sentences: Whos that? ~Its me / us / them.
IT: * in cleft sentences: It was Peter who drove us home.(not Paul) It was they / them who asked.
* when an infinitive is a subject of a sentence: It is easy to criticize. It is better to be easy.
* as a subject for impersonal verbs: it seems, it appears, it looks, it happens
Note! The coffee is too hot to drink it.
Possessive
- possessive pronouns can replace possessive adjectives →
- of mine = one of my: a friend of mine = one of my friends
- possessive adj. are used with clothes & parts of the body: He injured his back.BUT! If there is a preposition before a part of the body we put the article: I patted him on the back.
- possessive to each other: We wrote down each others telephone numbers.
- To add emphasis, own can be placed after my, your, his and ones: her own idea, a room of ones own.Note:Im on my own = Im alone
Reflexive
- some verbs (to bathe, to dress, to wash, to change clothes) are normally used without reflexive pronouns:
I got up, washed, dressed and went to school.BUT! When the action is difficult (for children or disabled) reflexive pronouns are used: Oh, look! Nicky has just dressed himself!
- after a preposition of place we use me, you, him, her: In the mirror I saw a lorry behind me. (NOT behind myself)
- fixed phrases: to feel good/bad (about mood); to feel well/unwell (about health) we use without myself!
to enjoy oneself; to teach oneself; to find oneself;
Help yourself to something!Make yourself at home! to turn itself on /off
Note:He behaved badly. BUTBehave yourself!
Emphatic
Patterns:I grew these vegetables myself. The house itself is small, but the garden is enormous.
Im not myself today. You told me about it yourself!
Reciprocal
A pattern: When we went on holiday, we sent a lot of postcards to each other / one another.
Demonstrative
This/these
That/those
- people or things near us: Thisis my pen.
- present/future situation: Im going away this weekend.
- to introduce people or on the phone: Thisis Ann.
these days → nowadays, now; this evening → tonight
- people or things not near us: I want those jeans from H&M.
- past situations: Thatwas a holiday of a lifetime!
- to refer back to smth mentioned before: Thats what I meant!
on the phone: Whos that?
Interrogative
In formal English we use preposition + whom:
With whomdid you go?
In spoken English we usually move the preposition to the end of the sentence, with whom changing to who:
Whodid you go with?
In formal English we use preposition + which/what:
To whichaddress did you send it?
In spoken English we move the preposition to the end of the sentence:
Whichaddress did you send it to?
Which
What
- when theres a limited choice we ask which:
Whichsize do you want small, medium or large?
- when there is an unlimited choice we ask what:
Whatis your shoe size?
- before of & one we can use which, but not what: Whichof the countries in Europe have you visited?
possessive pronouns can replace possessive adjectives → 
