.


:

:



,



( , )

:

































 

 

 

 
FAQ

What & how in questions about measurements

⇐ 17181920212223242526272829303132 ⇒

What

How

- what + age / depth / height / length / width

- what is a general interrogative used for things:

What makes that noise?

- What for = why: What did you do that for?

- What+belike?

What was the exam like? ~It was very difficult.

- What does he/she/it look like?

What does she look like? ~Shes tall and glamorous.

- What is he? = What is his profession?

What is his father? ~He is a tailor.

NOTE! What is it called? (NOT How is it called?)

What was the trip like? →

- How + old / deep / high / tall / long / wide

- to ask about manner

How did you get on in the exam? ~Quite well, I hope!

We ask questions with how for:

- introductions:

How do you do? answered by How do you do?

- health: How are you? How have you been?

- personal reactions: How was the film?

- offers and suggestions: How about a drink? (= What about a drink?) How would you like to have lunch with us?

How was the trip?
Relative

Examples

1. The man who robbed you has been arrested.

2. Everyone who/ that knew him liked him.

3. The man whom I saw told me to come back OR

The man who/that I saw OR The man I saw

4. The man to whom I spoke was 30. (formal)

The man (that/who/whom) I spoke to was 30. (inf.)

5. The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.

Defining

All or every?

All = a number of people or things considered as a group

Every = a number of people or things considered individually

Both = one and the other

Both+plural verbs: Both doors were open.

Both of + us/you/them: Both of us knew him.

Both and ;

He both acts and directs.

Each or every?

- each = a number of persons or things considered individually

Each man had a weapon = the speaker went to each man and checked that he had a weapon.

- every has the same meaning but there is less emphasis on individual.

Every man had a weapon = the speaker counted the men & the weapons & he had the same number of each.

- every is used with nouns in the meaning of total, complete (chance, hope, reason, sympathy, right, confidence)

You have every right to be here. ..

- each is used when we have the choice from two things only! There were tears streaming down each side of her face.

Each + of these/those, the of cant be omitted; each of you = you each

- everyone/everybody + singular verb: Everyone is ready (NOT All the people are ready)

- everything + singular verb: Everything has been wasted (NOT All the things have been wasted)

Note! The expressions all (the people), all (the) things are possible when followed by a noun, pronoun or a clause:

- all + noun: All the people in the room clapped. I got all the things you asked for.

- all + pronoun: All (both) of us went there. (= We all (both) went there.)

- all + (that): All that I want is to have a rest now.

We use whole most often with singular countable nouns; we use all most often with uncountable & plural nouns:

a whole concert all the music; a whole plate all the food

We use the whole of before the names of places: the whole of Europe.

Note! The whole night BUT all the night/day/time/life. Patterns: Tell me all about it. They left me all alone. Thats all.

Other(s) & Another

When other is used before a plural noun, it doesnt have s.

When other is used without a noun, it has s in the plural.

Tell the other people. Tell the others.

 - we can use another to mean one more. But with uncountables & plurals, we generally use other to mean more: Have another potato. Have some more meat. - another + few, another + a number with a plural noun. Lets wait another few minutes =

Negative

Neither/Either

- neither = not one and not the other; + an affirmative singular verb: Ive read neither of these books.

- either = any of two; + an affirmative singular verb: Would you like either of these?

- either + negative verb can replace neither + affirmative: I havent read either of these books.

- neither nor + affirmative verb is an emphatic way of combining two negatives: He neither wrote nor phoned.

- either or is used to express alternatives emphatically: You can have either tea or fruit juice. (not both)

Note! Either/neither = the choice from two things/people: Neither of his parents knew what he had done.

- None = for all things: They asked for a reason, but none have been given.

None of you (NOT nobody of you)

Indefinite

SOME is used:

ANY is used:

- with affirmative verbs: They bought some honey.

- in questions where the answer yes is expected:

Did some of you sleep on the floor? (I expect so).

- in offers & requests: Would you like some wine?

- some = unknown: Some idiot broke my window!

- with negative verbs: I havent got any matches.

- with hardly, barely, scarcely (which are almost negatives):

I hardly have any spare time.

- with without when without any = without no:

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty.

- with questions except offers & requests:

Have you got any money?

- after if/whether & in expressions of doubt:

If you need any more money, please let me know.

- in imperative sentences: Take any book you like.
             
whoever, whichever, whatever, whenever, wherever, however Patterns: I will win whatever happens. However rich you are you cant buy happiness. Whichever of you broke the window will have to pay for it. Ill find him, wherever he has gone. (= no matter where h e has gone)

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with the correct subject or object pronoun.

1. Do your brothers play football?

Yes, they play all the time. . think ..s a brilliant game.

2. Does Susan eat chocolate?

Yes, .. eats.. all the time. . Says s her favourite food.

3. Do your parents know Mr. Jones?

Yes, know very well. .. lives next door to .

4. Does Clare like David?

No, .. doesnt like .. very much. says ..s too noisy.

5. Do you listen to rock music?

Yes, .. listen to .. all the time. .. think ..s fantastic.

6. Does Tony enjoy fishing?

Oh, yes. enjoys .. very much. . says .. relaxes him.

Exercise 11. Fill in the correct possessive adjective or pronoun.

1. Have you met your new neighbours yet?

No. Ive seen . children in the garden, though.

2. You took . coat home last night.

I know, Im sorry. I thought it was . because they are both black.

3. Whats wrong with Rosie?

Oh, shes been having problems with back recently.

4. James is doing well at school.

I know. teacher says hes very advanced for his age.

5. Is this bag .?

Oh, yes, thank you. I nearly forgot it.

6. Julie and Frank are so lucky. .. house is beautiful.

Yes, and its so much bigger than ... I envy them.

7. I like . shirt. Its like Sandras.

Actually, it is .. I borrowed it from her yesterday.

8. Why did you lend Tom . car?

Because is being repaired at the moment.

 

 

Exercise 12. Fill in its or its.

1. The car is nice to drive, but I dont like its colour.

2. This town is wonderful. . Got lots of shops!

3. Im staying at home today because cold outside.

4. Lets go in here. . my favourite restaurant.

5. A bird has built nest in our garden.

6. The company I work for has changed name.

 

Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with of where necessary, and my, your, etc. own.

1. John doesnt live with his parents any more. Hes got a flat of his own.

2. She doesnt travel by bus any more because shes got car.

3. I dont need to borrow your umbrella. Ive got one ..

4. Havent you got .. pen? Youre always borrowing mine.

5. My job includes doing research in time.

6. Sam is tired of using his friends computer, so he is going to buy one ...

7. The couple moved into house after they got married.

 

Exercise 14. Fill in the gaps with the correct reflexive pronoun.

1. The girl has hurt herself.

2. He put the fire out by .

3. She is looking at in the mirror.

4. They are serving ..

5. He cooked the food by ...

6. They bought this house for ..

7. They are enjoying .

8. He introduced .

9. Did you buy that bag for your sister?

No, I bought it for ...

10. Did Susan paint that picture for Lee?

No, she painted it for ..

Exercise 15. Fill in the gaps with both, all, neither, either or none.

Dear Beth,

Thank you for your letter. It was good to hear 1) all your news. I get lots of letters, but 2) .. of them cheer me up as much as yours.

Bill and I are 3) very tired at the moment. Hes very busy because hes been promoted to manager of his firm. Ive started a new job, so I dont have much spare time, 4) . I love my job and 5) . of people I work with are friendly, but the long hours seem to take up 6) .. of my energy.

My parents are coming to visit us tomorrow. 7) of them have seen the new house yet, so Ill have to show them 8) around. Bill has decorated the 9) .. of the rooms, so 10) ... of them looks the way they did when we moved in. I hope 11).. you and Toby will be able to visit us again soon, then you can see 12) the changes.

Write soon. Im looking forward to 13) . hearing from you or seeing you soon.

With love,

Jane

 

 

Exercise 16. Rewrite the sentences using both.and, neither . nor or either . or.

1. John hasnt got any money. Paul hasnt got any, either.

Neither John nor Paul has got any money.

2. Marion likes swimming. Linda likes swimming, too.

3. Carol doesnt go to the gym. Anne doesnt, either.

4. Fiona has got curly hair. Angela has got curly hair, too.

..

5. John will go to the shop, or else I will.

..

6. Claire is going to pick the children up, or else Simon is going to.

..

Exercise 17. Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun.

1. This food is wonderful.

Yes, but dont eat so fast. Youll make yourself ill.

2. What shall we do tonight?

Well, Caroline has invited . to her house. Shall .. go?

3. Is that Mary and Alexs car?

No, is blue.

4. Is that bird alright?

No. I think wing is broken.

5. Is that you sister new leather jacket?

Yes. And those black leather trousers are , too.

6. Should I leave my job?

Well, the decision is ., but I wouldnt advise it.

7. Has Adam gone out?

Yes. I told . not to come home late.

8. Is this Davids jacket?

No, its ... I bought it yesterday.

 

 

Exercise 18. Translate the sentences.

 

1. .

2. ? - , .

3. , .

4. .

5. .

6. ͳ .

7. ? - .

8. ? - .

9. , .

10. , ?

 

WRITING

 

1. Multimedia programs bring a variety of media resources under the control of the computer. Describe the different types of media that are now being used in multimedia programs.

2. What is digital audio? How is it used?

3. Many experts believe that multimedia will play an important role in future. Describe how multimedia may be used in different spheres of human life.


UNIT 9

DATA PROCESSING

 

Vocabulary Bank Unit 9

Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:


1. accuracy

2. additional

3. ancient

4. available

5. capability

6. challenge

7. communications networks

8. comprehensive groupings

9. correctly

10. cost-effective

11. data processing

12. data storage hierarchy

13. definition

14. equipment

15. error-prone

16. facilities

17. in order to

18. initial processing

19. instant response

20. invalid data

21. item

22. manner

23. manual

24. marvel

25. meaningful

26. objective

27. record

28. related

29. resource

30. sequence

31. successively

32. to accomplish

33. to consume

34. to convert

35. to eliminate

36. to house

37. to remain vulnerable

38. to respond

39. to retrieve

40. unorganized

41. value

42. visual display



Text A. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts unorganized but able to be-organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that convert data into useful information.

We use the term data processing system to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output. Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are consumed in great quantity. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment, people and materials.

The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computation were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.

⇐ 17181920212223242526272829303132 ⇒


:

: 2018-11-10; !; : 397 |

:

:

, ,
==> ...

1675 - | 1660 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.128 .