| Non-finite forms | ||
The Infinitive
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The forms of the Verbals or the non-finite forms of the verb
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The Gerund
The first Participle \ Participle I
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The forms of the Verbals or the non-finite forms of the verb
The Infinitive |
The Gerund |
The first Participle \ Participle I | |||||||
| Voice Aspect | Active | Passive | Active | Passive | Active | Passive | ||||
| An indefinite form | to do to play | to be done to be played | doing playing | being done being played | doing playing | being done being played | ||||
| A perfect form | to have done to have played | to have been done have been played | having done having played | having been done having been played | having done having played | having been done having been played | ||||
| A continuous form | to be doing to be playing | |||||||||
| A perfect continuous form | to have been doing have been playing | |||||||||
Note: The Second Participle or Participle II has got the single form done \ played, and denotes the passive meaning either of a simultaneous action\state (1) or a prior action to that of the predicate verb (2). 1. She found the door locked. Looking rather alarmed, she rushed out of the room. I made my way to the parked car. The streets, deserted, looked frightening. I was cold and too excited to talk about it. You are constantly seen drunk. She stood with her arms folded. He stood staring at that creature with the dyed hair, painted face.
2. Suddenly touched, she came over to the farther. Alfred, left alone, stood motionless for some minutes. When asked, he answered that it would take them about a week.
The Infinitive
The infinitives are the to-infinitive (He promised to help me) and the bare infinitive (I must leave now).
We use the to-infinitive:
to express purpose. I woke up early to catch the morning train.
after adjectives such as advice, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, etc. They decided to sell their old car.
after certain verbs such as nice, sorry, glad, happy, afraid, easy, difficult, etc. Its easy to learn how to drive a car.
after would prefer. I would prefer to live in the country.
after too and enough. Hes too young to cross the street. Ive saved enough money to buy a car.
Infinitive without TO
| After auxiliary verbs | I do not like it. We will do it tomorrow. |
| After MODAL VERBS but ought | He can swim. We must be off. |
| After verbs of feeling and emotion see, hear, feel | I saw and heard him come. I felt my pulse quicken. |
| After let , make | Let us visit him. She made me come back. |
| After had better would rather cannot but nothing but | We had better go to France. I would rather visit England. |
Exercise 1. Insert to where necessary before the infinitive in brackets.
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1. I cant ________________(see) anything. Its so dark.
2. Lets ________________(go) to Rome for our holiday.
3. Wed love __________________(meet) your wife.
4. Could you __________________(tell) me the time, please?
5. Keep working. Dont let me _________________(interrupt) you.
6. John forgot ___________________(turn off) the lights when he went to bed.
7. I felt the house _______________(shake) with the explosion.
8. He made us ___________________(wait) for hours.
9. May I _______________(use) your phone?
10. The teacher usually lets us ______________ (use) our dictionary to do the translations.
Exercise 2. Use the infinitive in brackets in the required form of the active or passive voice.
1. I hate _____________(to bother) you, but the man is still waiting ________________(to give) the answer.
2. The girl pretended _____________(to read) a book and not ______________(to look) at me.
3. He seized every opportunity _________________(to appear) in public: he was so anxious __________________(to talk) about.
4. Dont worry about him, he is sure __________________(to have) a good time at the moment.
5. He began writing books not because he wanted ______________(to earn) a living. He wanted ___________________(to read) and not _____________________________(to forget).
6. They are supposed _____________________________(to work) at the problem for the last two months.
7. Wrap up my lunch, child. I must go. He doesnt like ___________________(to keep) waiting.
8. It is so thoughtful of you ______________________(to book) the tickets well in advance.
9. The idea was too complicated _______________________(to express) in just one paragraph.
10. It seemed _______________________________(to snow) heavily since early morning: the ground was covered with a deep layer of snow.
11. Her ring was believed _________________________(to lose) until she happened to find it during the general cleaning. It turned out ______________________(to drop) between the sofa and the wall.
12. Listen! They seem ______________________(quarrel). I can hear angry voices from behind the door.
Exercise 3. Use the infinitives in the box as subjects.
| to give up, to stop, to say, to forget, to lose, to know, to repair, to search, to mention, to look up, to take |
1. Its difficult for him ____________________ smoking.
2. It was impossible ________________ the bicycle.
3. _______________ the map well means to be able to show any country or town on it.
4. It took us twelve days ____________________ the island.
5. _________________ the past was impossible.
6. It was his habit every August _______________ his family to the seaside for change of air.
7. ________________ at this stage would be a great pity.
8. It took him half an hour __________________ the words in the dictionary.
9. It takes an effort ___________________ weight.
10. Its hardly necessary for me __________________ how grateful Im for all youve done.
Exercise 4. Match a line in A with a verb in B and a line in C.
| A 1 I went for a walk 2 Im going to the library 3 I went to town 4 I phoned the theatre 5 I want to borrow some money 6 I bought some flowers 7 Im going to Paris 8 I wrote to John | B to make to buy to get to change to visit to explain to do to ask | C the house smell nice. a new car. some friends. how to get to my house. my books. some fresh air. some shopping. what time the play started. |
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Exercise 5. Tourists go to Switzerland to climb the mountains, or to ski, or to enjoy the scenery. They go to the USA to see New York, or to visit the West, or to practice English. Write ten sentences to say why tourists go to France, or to Britain, or to India, or to Japan, or to other countries.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________________________________
COMPLEX OBJECT
| They | 1) want wish would like expect |
Noun
(mother, Ann)
or
Pronoun
(objective case)
| me | us |
| you | you |
| him | them |
| her | |
| it |
1) TheywantAnn to readwell.
2) Theymakeme readmore often.
or
3) Theyhearher readingat the lesson.
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences. Use the complex object.
1. Bring me a book, said my mother to me. My mother wanted me to bring a book.
2. Dont eat ice-cream before dinner, said our mother to us.
Our mother didnt want us to eat ice-cream before dinner.
3. It will be very good if you study English, said my mother to me.
My mother wanted ___________________________________________________________
4. Come to my birthday party, said Kate to her boyfriend.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Oh, father, buy me this toy, please, said the little boy.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Learn the rule, the teacher said to the pupils.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. My son will study mathematics, the man said.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. Dont go to Iran, she said to me.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Be careful, or else you will spill the milk, said my mother to me.
My mother didnt want ________________________________________________________
10. The teacher said to the pupils: Learn the rules.
__________________________________________________________________________
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