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Social and Professional Communication in English: . -: ..., .. : , 2012 188 .
ISBN 0-00000-000-0
Social and Professional Communicationin English,.
811.111(075)
81.2 -9
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ISBN 0-00000-000-0 .. , 2012
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Content
..................................................................................... 1
UNIT I PHONETICS
UNIT II GRAMMAR.. 20
Pronouns. 21
Nouns 29
Word order 37
Adjectives 48
The Verb 51
The Simple tenses 54
The Continuous tenses. 62
The Perfect tenses. 67
Sequence of tenses 75
Direct and indirect speech. 80
Active and passive voices 85
Modal verbs and their equivalents. 93
Conditional clauses . 102
The Infinitive . 108
The Gerund . 112
GRAMMAR REVISION.. 119
UNIT III SOCIAL COMMUNICATION.. 137
Section I Family relations. 137
British Customs and traditions. 142
American social customs. 145
Section II Higher education. 149
Higher education in Great Britain. 150
American institutions of higher education. 154
Education system in Russia. 159
UNIT IV PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION.. 162
Section I My Working Day. 163
Section II How to Get a Good Job. 167
Section III Professional Written Communication. 173
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40-50 250 . (, , ) (, , ). : , .
: Phonetics, Grammar, Social Communication, Professional Communication.
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: Social Communication Professional Communication, . Unit , : , , , , , . - , .
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UNIT I
PHONETICS
:
[ f ] five | [ d ] do |
[ v ] very | [ k ] key |
[ θ ] thick | [ g ] gas |
[ ð ] this | [ tʃ ] chin |
[ s ] so | [ dʒ ] Jim |
[ z ] zoo | [ m ] mother |
[ ʃ ] ship | [ n ] no |
[ ʒ ] pleasure | [ ŋ ] long |
[ h ] horse | [ l ] less |
[ p ] park | [ r ] river |
[ b ] book | [ j ] yellow |
[ t ] tea | [ w ] white |
[ i: ] eat | [ ei ] lake |
[ i ] it | [ ai ] like |
[ e ] pen | [ au ] house |
[ æ ] bad | [ ɔi ] boy |
[ a: ] art | [ ou ] home |
[ ɔ ] box | [ iə ] ear |
[ ʌ ] cup | [ ɛə ] air |
[ u ] cook | [ uə ] poor |
[ u: ] school | [ juə ] Europe |
[ ju: ] tune | [ aiə ] fire |
[ ə: ] girl | [ auə ] hour |
[ ə ] paper | [ ɔ: ] all |
b | [b] | bus, but, about, better, by, butter, book, bed, bag, bad | |||
bt | [t] | debt, doubt | |||
c | [s] | , i, | face, city, cinema, cycle, since, ice, space, centre | ||
[k] | cap, cat, cut, cry, copy, capital, come, close, clock | ||||
[ʃ] | ocean, social, special, musician, ancient, racial | ||||
[ks] | , i, | accept, success, accent, accident | |||
c | [k] | occur, accord, accomplish, accumulate, occupy | |||
ch tch | [ʧ] | chess, rich, cheese, chop, much, match, watch, kitchen, catch | |||
Ch | [k] | school, architect, chemistry, character, archiology, technical | |||
[ʃ] | machine, machinery, machinist | ||||
ck | [k] | black, sick, back, pack, neck, check | |||
d | [d] | date, made, end, decide, old | |||
[-] | grandmother, handsome, handkerchief | ||||
dg | [ʤ] | bridge, knowledge, judge, siedge | |||
f | [f] | five, if, finish, face, family | |||
ften | [fn] | often, soften | |||
g
| [ʤ] | , i, | page, change, gymnasium, stage | ||
[g] | go, get, green, grey, grow | ||||
Gh | [-] | ei, u, au t | weight, eight, bought, brought, fought, daughter | ||
[f] | u, u | laugh, enough, cough | |||
gn | [n] | foreign, sign, campaign | |||
h | [h] | he, his, here, have, home, hundred | |||
[-] | hour, honour, honest, exhibition | ||||
j | [ʤ] | just, major, object, subject | |||
k | [k] | kill, keep, Mike, kitchen, like | |||
kn | [n] | know, knee, knife, knock | |||
l | [l] | lake, late, light, listen, leg | |||
[-] | aim, alf, alk | talk, calm, half, chalk | |||
m | [m] | miss, meal, seem, team, home | |||
mb mn | [m] | climb, bomb autumn, column | |||
n | [n] | never, number, nobody, next, notice | |||
ng | [ŋ] | sing, song, interesting, thing | |||
nk | [ŋk] | drink, bank, ink, tank, thank pink | |||
p | [p] | pen, pencil, pupil, publish, top | |||
ph | [f] | phone, physics, philosophy, philologist, symphony, phase | |||
Qu
| [kw] | queen, question, quick, quite, queue | |||
[k] | unique, technique | ||||
[r] | red, ready, rain, sorry, mirror, trip | ||||
s
| [s] [ʃ] | see, sea, son, sun, stand, stop, maps, cats, books, hats, caps sugar, sure | |||
[z] | pens, bags, days, girls, boys these, cheese, please, nose, rose | ||||
Ss
| [s] | class, pass, success, kiss, miss | |||
[ʃ] | ia, io | Russian, Belorussian | |||
ssion | [n] | session, discussion, commission | |||
sion | [ʒn] | decision, conclusion, revision, invasion | |||
sure | [ʒə] | pleasure, treasure, leisure, measure | |||
sh | [ʃ ] | she, ship, fish, short | |||
sc | [s] | , i, | science, scientist, scene, scenery | ||
sten | [sn] | listen, fasten | |||
stle | [sl] | whistle, wrestling | |||
t | [t] | ten, twenty, table, sit, teeth | |||
Th | [ð] | this, those, with, without, weather | |||
[θ] | thing, thank, three, tooth | ||||
tion | [ʃn ] | demonstration, revolution, dictation, translation, attention | |||
ture | [ʧə] | picture, future, lecture, culture, nature, feature, furniture | |||
v | [v] | live, leave, voice, move, vase | |||
w | [w] | win, want, water, wind, twins | |||
Wh | [w] | when, where, why, what, which, white, whisper, while | |||
[h] | who, whose, whom, whose, whole | ||||
wr | [r] | wrong, write, writer, wrestling |
| [ei] [æ] | i | place, came, later habit, rabit, vanish | [æ] have,atom [e] any, many | ||
[æ] | land, fact, carry | [a:] example | ||||
[ɔː | i , m, f | also, talk, salt | [æ] rally, shall | |||
[ɑ:] | n | answer, France, cant, chance, demand | ||||
[ɑ:] [ei] | s, f ste, nge | class, draft, ask, last taste, danger, change | [æ] classic, mass, passive | |||
[ɑ:] | th | father, path, rather | [æ] gather | |||
[ɔ:] | w, qu r | water, quarter, war | [ei] wage, wake, wane | |||
[ɔ] | was, want | [æ] wag, wax | ||||
ai, ay | [ei] | aim, aid, may, day | [e] says, said | |||
air | [ɛə] | air, pair, chair | ||||
al | [ɑː] | f, m | calm, palm, half | |||
Ar
| [ɑ:] | car, part, garden | ||||
[ɛə] | care, careful | [ɑ:] are | ||||
au, aw | [ɔː] | cause, law, pause | [ɑ:] aunt | |||
au | [ɑ:] | gh(t) | laugh | |||
augh | [ɔː] | t | daughter | |||
e | [i:] | we, Pete, eve | [e] very, edit, medal | |||
[e] | get, settle, fell, egg | |||||
| [i:] | d, th | tea, peace, meat | [e] deaf, heavy, peasant, weapon [ei] break, great | ||
[e] | d, th, lth | bread, breath, dead, death, head, health | [ɪə] idea, real [i:] beneath, breath | |||
Ear | [ɪə] | clear, hear, near | ||||
[ɜː] | earth, heard, learn | [ɑ:] heart [ɪə] beard | ||||
[i:] | green, free | |||||
[ɪə] | deer, engineer | |||||
ei | [i:] | , s | ceiling, conceive | |||
, ei | [ei] | convey, grey, they, obey, vein | [i:] key | |||
eigh | [ei] | eight, neighbour | [ai] freight, height | |||
er | [ɜː] | term, person, emerge | [ɑ:] clerk | |||
er | [ɪə] | here, tear, serious | [ɜː]were [ɛə] there, where | |||
eu, ew | [ju:] | Europe, feud, new | ||||
i
| [ai] | fine, life, time | [ɪ] give, live | |||
[ɪ] | sit, little, written | |||||
[ɪ] | i | civil, city, limit | [ai] tiny | |||
[ai] | ld, nd | bind, find, child, wild | [ɪ] wind () | |||
[ɪ] | machine, police, prestige, regime | |||||
[-] | u | cruise, fruit, juice | [ aɪ ] guide, [ɪ] guilty | |||
ie | [ɪ:] | achieve, brief, chief | [e] friend | |||
i g(h) | [aɪ] | sigh, high, night | ||||
Ir
| [ɜː] | shirt, bird, firm | ||||
[aɪə] | (ire) | fire, tired | ||||
| [ou] | no, note, home, open | [u:] do, move [ɔ] gone, body | |||
[ɔ] | hot, bottom, horror | |||||
[ou] | l | old, cold, folk, told | ||||
[ʌ] | m, n, v, w, th | another, above, among, brother, come, done, govern, London, Monday, month, none, won | ||||
[ou] | st | most, post | [ɔ] cost, frost | |||
[ou] | boat, coat, float | [ɔː] broad | ||||
[ɔː] | board, coarse, hoarse | |||||
oi, | [ɔɪ] | boil, soil, boy, enjoy | ||||
| [u] | k | book, look, cook | |||
[u:] | i, m, n | too, tool, moon, soon | ||||
[uə] | moor, poor | |||||
| [ɔː] | for, order, port, morning | ||||
[ɜː] | w | word, work, world | [ɔː] worn | |||
ou, ow | [au] | round, sound, now | ||||
ou | [ʌ] | , | double, country, couple, courage | |||
[u:] | group, rouble, soup | |||||
Ou
| [ʌ] | gh | enough, rough, tough | [au] plough [ou] though | ||
[ou] | 1 | poultry, shoulder | ||||
ough | [ɔː] | t | bought, brought | |||
our, ower | [auə] | our, power | ||||
Ow | [au] | down, now, town | ||||
[ou] | grow, know, low | |||||
u | [ju:] | use, student, music, future | [ɪ] busy, [ʌ] study | |||
[u:] | j, l, r | June, include, rule, true | ||||
[ʌ] | bus, subject, current | |||||
[u] | b, f, | bullet, bush, full, pull, push, put | ||||
ue | [(j)u:] | blue, clue, due | ||||
Ui | [ju:] | suit | suite [swi:t] [-] guide, guilty [ju:i] suicide, tuition | |||
[u:] | j, i, r | cruise, fruit, juice | [uɪ] ruin, fluid | |||
Ur | [ɜː] | burn, curl, turn | ||||
[juə] | pure, cure | |||||
[uə] | sure, surely | [e] bury | ||||
u | [-] | g | guarantee, guard, guess, guide, guilty | |||
Y | [aɪ] | by, type, cycle | ||||
[ɪ] | myth, system | |||||
[j] | yoke, beyond | |||||
yr | [ɜː] | Myrch, myrtle | ||||
aɪə | tyrant, tyre |
PRACTICE
Exercise 1.
Practice reading the words.
[eɪ] | [æ] | [ɑː] | [ɛə] | [ɛə] [au] [ʌ] [ə] | |
Aa | late | tram | hard | share | ago |
name | map | dark | rare | about | |
game | stand | start | care | sofa | |
plane | plan | party | compare | above | |
fate | factory | farm | prepare | legal | |
Ee | [ɪ:] | [e] | [ɜː] | [ɪə] | [ɪ] [e] |
she | get | her | here | begin | |
we | egg | term | mere | return | |
be | fell | verb | sphere | ticket | |
week | let | serve | material | sister | |
repeat | ten | person | period | absent | |
Ii/Yy | [aɪ] | [ɪ] | [ɜː] | [aɪə] | [ɪ] |
time | ill | sir | fire | engine | |
type | wish | bird | lyre | sorry | |
my | milk | girl | hire | family | |
fly | system | dirty | tired | music | |
fine | syntax | Bym | satire | public | |
[ju:] | ʌ] | ɜː] | [juə] | [ə] | |
Uu | use | under | burn | pure | success |
student | fun | burst | cure | difficult | |
union | uncle | turkey | during | upon | |
human | butter | return | curious | product | |
pupil | supper | furniture | secure | cucumber | |
Oo | [əu] | [ɔ] | [ɔ:] | [ɔ:] | [əu] |
home | not | nor | more | tomato | |
hope | clock | North | shore | photo | |
note | fond | sport | explore | metro | |
nose | dog | lord | before | negro | |
smoke | shop | short | store | zero |
Exercise 2.