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, , .

4.

, , , , , , , ,

, :

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;

;

, , ;

;

.

4.1.

. , , .

, . j = < , > - , Í2, .. Í , j ; ; , . . Ík, k-.

j .

, < a, b >Î. , < a, b >Î, a j b, a b . , a j b. a b - (a, bÎM), a j b .

.

1) = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } = { < 1, 1 >, < 1, 2 >, < 2, 2 >, < 3, 2 > }. 2 = × = { < 1, 1 >, < 1, 2 >, < 1, 3 >, < 1, 4 >, < 2, 1 >, < 2, 2 >,..., < 4, 4 > }. . 4.1 j = < , >.

. 4.1.

, , . .

(. 4.2).

. 4.2.

.

, j y x < y , j x y.

5 j 3 , 3 j 4 .

j = <D, M> . , . , j = < D, >, = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } D = {< 1, 1 >, < 2, 2 >, < 3, 3 >, < 4, 4 >}. . 4.3 .

. 4.3.

4.2.

j = <, > , = 2, .. ("x,yÎM)(x j y). , x, y, , , x, y j.

j = < , > , . j = < Æ, >. , , .

j = < , > , = D. - , ("x,yÎM)(x j y x = y). j = < , >, = { 1, 2, 3 }, = {<1, 1>, <2, 2>, <3, 3>}. .

j = < , > , = 2\D, .. ("x,yÎM)(x j y x ¹ y). j = < , >, = { 1, 2, 3 }, = {< 1, 2 >, < 2, 3 >, < 3, 1 > }. . 5 > 3 3 < 10 .

4.3.

, .

j1 j2 j3:

j1Èj2 = j3, j1 = < 1, >, j2 = < 2, >.

j3 = < 1È2, >,

<a, b> Î 1 È 2 <a, b> Î 1 Ú <a, b> Î 2 & a, bÎ M.

, : j1 = < 1, >, j2 = < 2, >,

= { 2, 3, 4 }, 1 = { <2, 1>, <2, 2>, <2, 4> },

2 = { < 2, 1 >, < 2, 3 >, < 4, 4 > }.

j3 = < 3, >, 3 = 1È 2 = { <2,1>, <2,2>, <2,4>, <2,3>, <4,4> }.

, :

x (j1Èj2) y x j1 y Ú x j2 y.

j1 j2 j3, :

j1Çj2 = j3, j1 = < 1, >, j2 = < 2, >,

j3 = < 1Ç2, >,

<a, b> Î 1 Ç 2 <a, b> Î 1 & <a, b> Î 2 & a, bÎ M.

, : j1 = < 1, >, j2 = < 2, >, M = {1, 2}, j1 = <{<1, 1>, <1, 2>}, {1, 2}>, j2 = < {< 1, 2 >, < 2, 2 >}, { 1, 2 }>,

j3 = <3, > = <{< 1, 2 >}, {1, 2}>.

, :

x (j1Çj2) y x j1 y & x j2 y.

, .

j3 j1 j2,

j1 = <1, >, j2 = <2, >, j3 = j1\j2 = <1\2, >,

<a, b> Î 1 \ 2 <a, b> Î 1 & <a, b> Ï 2 & a, bÎ M.

, : j1 = <1, >, j2 = <2, >, M = {1, 2, 3}, 1 = {<1, 2>, <2, 2>, <3, 3>}, 2 = {<1, 1>, <2, 2>, <3, 3>}. 3 = 1\2 = {<1, 2>}. j3 = <3, > = < {<1, 2>}, {1, 2, 3}>.

, :

x (j1\j2) y x j1 y & x y.

.

j = < , >, j-1 = < -1, >.

, , . , :

j-1 j .

, j = <, >, = {1, 2, 3}, = {<1, 1>, <1, 2>, <1, 3>}, j-1 = <-1, > -1 = {<1, 1>, <2, 1>, <3, 1>}.

, .

j1 = <1, M>, j2 = <2, M>.

j1j2 = <12, >

, j1 = <1, M>, j2 = <2, M>, = {1, 2, 3}, 1 = {<1, 1>, <1, 2>, <1, 3>, <3, 3> }, 2 = {<1, 1>, <2, 3>, <3, 1>, <3, 2>}. 12={<1, 1>,<1, 3>,<1, 2>, <3, 2>, <3, 1>}.

, , .

, .

j = < , > $Í, j

j1 = < Ç2, >

, j = < , >, = { 1, 2, 3 }, = {< 1, 1 >, < 1, 2 >, <1, 3> }, A = {1, 2}. j1 = <{< 1, 1 >, < 1, 2 >}, {1, 2}>.

4.4.

j = < , > ,

("Î)( j ).

, Î j , j - . , .. . (x = x, x || x). , . j , D Í , .. .

j = < , > ,

("Î)Ø( j ),

.. D Ç = Æ.

, x > x, x ¹ x, x ^ x .

j = < , > ,

(",Î)( j j ).

. , =, ïê .

= -1. , a = b b = a, a ïêb b ïê a.

j = < , >, Í ,





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