1. Psychologists measure intelligence by observing a person's performance in a set of standard tests. 2. Measurements of perceptual and motor skills, or even personality, attitudes and motivation might give useful data for predicting age-changes. 3. We are all familiar with the experience of being urged or driven to behave in certain ways to achieve certain ends. 4. During the past 25 years psychologists have taken more seriously the possibility of constructing mathematical models for the description of mental phenomena. 5. Easier tasks, if they are of the right sort, stand a greater chance of being solved by insight. 6. The subject was first tested by being handed pencil and paper and told to make a written reproduction of what he had learned. 7. Changing the food used as a stimulus will produce divergent results in the same animals. 8. We cannot understand the nature of measurements without knowing about the properties of mathematics. 9. Without being conditioned human beings soon learn that the dinner bell is a signal for dinner and will respond to it by going to the dining room. 10. Being punished can be preferable to being ignored.
V. Translate the following sentences
1. The subject will be tested individually by being given simple problems to solve. 2. The essential of this procedure is the placing of some sort of barrier between the subject and the goal he is trying to reach. 3. Learning occurs as a result of experience, but while this experience occurs, forgetting is also going on. 4. There are many approaches to the achieving of these results. 5. Here we shall discuss independent variables which are commonly recognized as playing a role in laboratory experiments on learning. 6. In humans there is evidence for the beginnings of form perception within the first weeks of life. 7. A number of experiments have shown that it is possible to control eating by stimulation or cutting off certain parts of the brain. 8. We have been developing the theory that the needs which operate in the determination of the level of aspirations continue to exert their influence upon later performance. 9. They study the learning ability of animals by offering rewards such as food for correct solution of problems. 10. Growing older means being able to utilize earlier experience. 11. We turn now to observing variations among indi-ffl viduals in the same direction. 12. It is usually supposed that at birth their first action to appear is the reflex gasp for air, followed by crying. 13. In most psychological experiments on thinking, the methods employed are adaptations of procedures first used in studying other psychological activities. 14. For the beginner, choosing a problem is often one of the most difficult steps in designing an experiment. 15. Most sciences are busy answering the question. Why?
VI. Answer the following questions based on the text
1. What is human memory closely connected with?
2. What is human memory based on?
3. Where is memory located?
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4. What is the quantity of information stored in our memory limited by?
5. Is storage capacity the same for every individual?
6. What are general features in memory?
7. What is meant by the term frequency'?
8. What do we remember better, the more recent events or the events that occurred earlier?
9. What does the term value refer to?
10. What is thinking?
11. What is thinking closely bound up with?
12. How do we understand and communicate the symbols and concepts that we learn?
13. Why is language so important for human beings?
1. .. : . . . . .- .: -, 2002.- 160 .
2. Allaby. M. A dictionary of the psychology. London: 1977.
3. Gilpin. A. A dictionary of the environmental terms. London: 1978.
4. - : 3- . / .., .., .. . . . .. .- .: . ., 2000.- 2488 .
5. - / .. . .: , 2001. 512 .
6. http://www.seu.ru/news_ru/npa.php; http://www.greenpeace.ru.
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