a low level of knowledge; at the reflex level; at the level of the central nervous system;
to press a lever to get food; the box has a lever;
to act so as to get a reward; a wish to get a reward;
partial reinforcement; occasional reinforcement; food reinforcement;
to avoid punishment; to avoid making mistakes; to avoid errors; avoidance of other children's company; avoidance of unpleasant emotions;
to punish the boy for missing the lesson; to punish children for bad behaviour; physical punishment; moral punishment;
he has a good memory; experiments on memory; to memorize events; to memorize data; to memorize figures;
what's the reason for your absence? I was late for no reason at all; listen to reason!
to refer to some laboratory data; to refer to some scientists who have investigated the problem;
what was the cause of your absence? the cause of his illness is unknown; hunger caused the animal to look for food; nervousness caused her to forget what she had learnt;
it's necessary to solve the task as soon as possible; to solve the problem we must carry out a number of experiments; the solution to the problem is of great importance;
to achieve a goal; to enter the University was his goal.
II. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary
1. . 2. . 3. ; 4. . 5. . 6. , . 7. . 8. , . 9. , . 10. .11. . 12. , . 13. . 14. , , . 15. . 16. 20 . 17. . 18. . 19. . 20. .
III. Choose the right word from the box and insert it into one of the following sentences
| to reward, punishment, reinforcement, memory, reason, to refer; to cause |
1. Independence is stimulated by the mother's encouragement especially when she openly... it by kissing the child. 2.... are used to strengthen different responses. 3. We need not... to the responses of the youngest subjects, for they have already been described. 4. In recent years there have been a large number of investigations of... is for events which have occurred within the few seconds or minutes. 5. Conditions which produce forgetting in short-term memory are 1 really the same which... forgetting in long-term memory. 6. The... often given for transferring older worker are that the work is too difficult, involves long hours or night work, etc. 7. The threat of... increases the tendency to fear.
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IV. Translate
1. James influenced another scientist, Walter Cannon, to begin research under laboratory conditions in order to find out the nature of psychological changes that accompany emotion. 2. Man differs from all other animals in his ability to learn to solve complex problems. 3. As the body grows and the brain begins to develop the infant learns to focus his eyes. 4. Human beings live in a complex and changing environment, so that it is impossible for them to be adequately adapted to it at birth. 5. On the other hand, when the mother is calm and affectionate, and the child can maintain close contact with her, fear is less likely to arise. 6. Food preferences seem to be established largely by learning and imitation from parents and later from other children. 7. In the early months infants appear to experience little beyond delight and distress. 8. They appeared to refuse help in order to show themselves that they are not dependent upon others. 9. The shock causes the animal to make the unconditioned response. 10. When the conditioned response is established, the salivary response will not occur until just before the time for the food to be presented.
V. Define the functions of that those in the following sentences
1. A second general problem is that of objectivity of judgments.2. Ruger did not limit his data to those received only from animals. 3. Psychophysics is that branch of science which is concerned with subjective measurement. 4. The objectives of neuropsychology, like those of psychology are a better understanding of behavioural processes. 5. Quantitative variables are those recorded in numerical form. 6. Those early laws lay the foundation for further developments. 7. How does the ability in any mental test vary with increasing age of those tasted? 8. Children have interests which are naturally different from those of their parents. 9. All that pointed to the great lability of conditioned reflex activity. 10. There is evidence that emotional factors can affect perception. 11. Man's specialization is the capacity to profit from experience and that capacity most clearly distinguishes human perception from that of animals.
